الزامات حقوق بین‌الملل تغییر اقلیم در راستای حمایت حقوقی از پناهندگان زیست محیطی

• امین منصور، جواد، مدیریت موافقت‌نامه‌های زیست‌محیطی بین‌المللی: سیر تحولات در رژیم‌های پایبندی و اجرا (تهران: دفتر مطالعات سیاسی و بین‌المللی، ۱۳۹۰).
• ضیائی­بیگدلی، محمدرضا، حقوق بین‌الملل عمومی، چاپ شصت­و­پنجم (تهران: نشر گنج دانش، ۱۳۹۸).
• وکیل، امیرساعد و عسکری، پوریا، نسل سوم حقوق بشر حقوق همبستگی، چاپ اول (تهران: مجمع علمی و فرهنگی مجد، ۱۳۸۳).

• اسدی­پور، احسان؛ وثوقی­فرد، بابک؛ نامدار پوربنگر، مصطفی و هنرپرور تمیز، سیدحامد، «حق و حقوق پناهندگان بر اساس اسناد بین‌المللی»، کنفرانس ملی اندیشه‌های نوین و خلاق در مدیریت، حسابداری، مطالعات حقوقی و اجتماعی، (1397).
• آیرم، منصور؛ سلیمی ­ترکمانی، حجت و موسی‌زاده، محمد، «چالش­های نظام چندجانبه­ پایبندی در رژیم حقوقی تغییرات آب ­و­ هوایی با تأکید بر موافقت‌نامه پاریس»، دوره ۲۵، شماره ۴، (زمستان ۱۴۰۰).
• بختیاری، حوا، «در زندان‌های مهاجران چه می‌گذرد لیبی، زندانبان اروپا»، ماهنامه سیاسی، اجتماعی، فرهنگی لوموند دیپلماتیک، (ژانویه ۲۰۲۲) https://ir.mondediplo.com/2022/01/article3957.html.
• توسلی نائینی، منوچهر، «جنگ و حقوق کودکان آواره و بی‌سرپرست»، فقه ‌و حقوق خانواده، شماره ۳۲، (۱۳۸۲).
• خرسندی، مهناز و جلالیان، عسکر، «اصل منع اعاده پناهندگان از منظر اسناد حقوق بشری با تأکید بر پناه‌جویان زیست‌محیطی»، فصلنامه تمدن حقوقی، دوره ۵، شماره ۱۲، (1401).
• رستم­زاد، حسینقلی، «جامعه بین‌المللی و تعهدات بین‌المللی Erga Omnes»، مجله حقوقی، شماره 33، (1384) ،https://doi.org/10.22066/cilamag.2005.17971.
• روشار، شیرین، «انفجار بیگانه­هراسی با پس‌زمینه‌ای از اقتدارگرائی، حضور مهاجران ناخواسته جنوب صحرای آفریقا در تونس»، ماهنامه سیاسی، اجتماعی، فـرهنگی لوموند دیپلماتیک، (مه ۲۰۲۳). https://ir.mondediplo.com/2023/05/article4437.html.
• علیخانی، محمد، «نقش دیوان دادگستری و دادگاه حقوق بشر اروپا در توسعه حق پناهندگی در اتحادیه اروپا»، هشتمین همایش ملی مطالعات و تحقیقات نوین در حوزه علوم انسانی، مدیریت و کارآفرینی ایران، تهران، (1400)، https://civilica.com/doc/1316839/.
• مختارزاده، سعیده و انصاری، هانیه، «چارچوب سیاست‌گذاری و حقوق پناهندگان در ایران، با تأکید بر سیستم تعیین وضعیت پناهندگی»، فصلنامه سیاست‌نامه علم و فناوری، دوره ۱۲، شماره ۴، (۱۴۰۱)، https://dorl.net/dor/20.1001.1.24767220.1401.12.4.2.3.
• مدرس ­سبزواری، ساسان و قاری سیدفاطمی، سیدمحمد، «مهاجران محیط­ زیستی در حقوق بین‌الملل: از ابهام مفهومی تا فقدان چارچوب حقوقی»، فصلنامه پژوهش حقوق عمومی، سال 20، شماره ۶۱، (۱۳۹۷).
• مصفا، نسرین و حسین‌زاده­ هاشمی، حورا، «حمایت حقوقی از پناهجویان تغییرات­اقلیمی»، فصلنامه مطالعات بین‌المللی (ISJ)، سال 13، شماره ۱، (۱۳۹۵).
• مقبلی­دامنه، مصیب و ثنایی‌نژاد، سیدحسین، «بررسی اجمالی تغییر‌اقلیم با تکیه بر کنفرانس­های مربوط به کنوانسیون تغییر ‌اقلیم سازمان ملل و نقش ایران در آن»، دگرگونی­ها و مخاطرات آب ­و­ هوایی، سال 1، شماره 2، (۱۳۹۸).

References

Books

• Cholewinski, Ryszard, Guchteneire, Paul de & Pecoud Frontmatter, Antoine, Migration and Human Rights: The United Convention on Migrant Workers ’Rights (Cambridge University Press, 2009).
• Gemenne, François, Géopolitique du changement climatique (Paris: Armand Colin, 2009).
• Goodwin-Gill, Guy S. & McAdam, Jane, The Refugee in International Law (Oxford University Press, 2021).
• Jason M, Pobjoy, The Convention on the Rights of the Child as a Complementary Source of Protection, In: The Child in International Refugee Law (Cambridge Asylum and Migration Studies, Cambridge University Press, 2017).
• Machler, Reinhard, Bouwer, Laurens M., Schinko, Thomas, Surminski, Swenja & Linnerooth-Bayer, JoAnne (eds), Loss and Damage from Climate Change (Climate Risk Management, Policy and Governance, Springer, 2018).

Articles

• Aleksandrova, Mariya, Schraven, Benjamin & Serraglio, Diogo, “The Implications of the UN’s Ruling on 'Climate Refugees'”,German Development Institute, (24 February 2020). https:// idos-research. de/ uploads/ media/ German_ Development_ Institute_ Aleksandrova_ Schraven_Serraglio_24.02.2020.pdf.

• Alimuddin, Sitti Zarina & Muhammad, Ali, “Soft Law and the Protection of Climate Migrants: A Case Study of Bangladesh”, Nation State: Journal of International Studies, June , Vol. 6, No. 1, (2023), DOI:10.24076/nsjis.v6i1.996.
• Betts, Alexander, “Towards a ‘Soft Law’ Framework for the Protection of Vulnerable Irregular Migrants”, International Journal of Refugee Law, Vol. 22, No. 2, (2010). https://doi.org/10.1093/ijrl/eeq018.
• Cournil, Christel, “Les “réfugiés environnementaux”: enjeux et questionnements autour d’une catégorie émergente”, Migrations Société, No. 128, (2010), https://doi.org/10.3917/migra.128.0067.
• Grossman, Margaret Rosso, “Climate Change and the Individual”, The American Journal of Comparative Law, Vol. 66, Issue suppl_1, (2018). https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcl/avy018.
• Jaldi, Abdessalam & El Ouassif, Amal, “Climate Refugees A Major Challenge of International Community and Africa”, Policy Center for the New South (PCNS), No. 07/22, (June 2022).
• Mayer, Benoit, “Climate Change Mitigation as an Obligation under Human Rights Treaties?”, American Journal of International Law, Vol. 115, Issue 3, (2021). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/ajil.2021.9.
• Piguet, Étienne, Pécoud, Antoine & Guchteneire, Paul, “De changements climatiques et migrations: quels risques, quelles politiques?”, Dans l'Information Géographique, Vol. 75, No. 4 (2011).
• Vaghri, Ziba, Tessier, Zoë & Whalen, Christian, “Refugee and Asylum-Seeking Children: Interrupted Child Development and Unfulfilled Child Rights”, Children, Vol. 6, Issue 11, (2019). doi: 10.3390/children6110120.
• Voigt, Christina, “The Paris Agreement: What is the Standard of Conduct for Parties?”, Questions of International Law, Mar 24, (2016), https:// www. qil-qdi.org/paris-agreement-standard-conduct-parties/.

Documents

• Declaration on the Protection of Women and Children in Emergency and Armed Conflict, adopted by General Assembly resolution 3318 (XXIX) on 14 December 1974 , entered into force in 1974.
•                      Directive 2011/95/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 December 2011 on standards for the qualification of third-country nationals or stateless persons as beneficiaries of international protection, for a uniform status for refugees or for persons eligible for subsidiary protection, and for the content of the protection granted (recast).
• Directive 2013/32/EU — common procedures for granting and withdrawing international protection.
• Directive 2013/33/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 June 2013 Laying Down Standards for the Reception of Applicants for International Protection (Recast).
• International Convenant on Civil and Political Rights, adopted 16 December 1966 by General Assembly resolution 2200A (XXI).
• International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights New York, 16 December 1966.
• Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 18 May 2023, Political Declaration of the High-Level Meeting on the Midterm Review of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030, A/RES/77/289.
• Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 19 December 2018, Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration, A/RES/73/195.
• Resolution Adopted by the Human Rights Council on 22 June 2017, Human Rights and Climate Change, A/HRC/RES/35/20.
• The Aditional Protocol to the American Convention on Human Rights in the Area of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights ("Protocol of San Salvador"), 16 November 1999.
• The Charter of the United Nations, It Was Signed on 26 June 1945, in San Francisco, United States, Entered into Force on 24 October 1945.
• The Convention on the Rights of the Child, Adopted by the UN General Assembly on 20 November 1989, Entered into Force in September 1990.
• The Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees 1951.
• The Dublin Regulations (Dublin III), No. 604/2013, Was Signed in Dublin, Ireland on 15 June 1990, and First Came into Force on 1 September 1997.
• The European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), It Was Signed on 4 November 1950, in Rome, Entered into Force on 3 September 1953.
• The Paris Agreement, Adopted by 196 Parties at the UN Climate Change Conference (COP21), Paris, France, on 12 December 2015, Entered into Force on 4 November 2016.
• The Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees, Entered into Force on 4 October 1967.
• The International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families, Signed on 18 December 1990, Entered into Force on 1 July 2003.
• The Universal Decleration Human Rights (UDHR), it was accepted by the General Assembly as resolution/UNGA Resolution_217) During Its Third Session on 10 December 1948 at the Palais de Chaillot in Paris, France.
• The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), adopted by the Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea on 10 December 1982, Entered into Force on 16 November 1994.
• UN General Assembly, Declaration on Territorial Asylum, 14 December 1967, A/RES/2312 (XXII).
• United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), Adopted on 9 May 1992, Entered into Force on 21 March 1994.
• United Nations Millennium Declaration, Adopted on 8 September 2000 by General Assembly Resolution 55/2.

Cases

• Duarte Agostinho and Others v. Portugal and 32 Other States, European Court of Human Rights, No 39371/20, 29 June 2022.
• Inter-American Court of Human Rights, Advisory Opinion OC-23/17 of November 15, 2017, Requested by the Republic of Colombia, the Environment and Human Rights (State Obligations In Relation to the Environment in the Context of the Protection and Guarantee of the Rights to Life and to Personal Integrity: Interpretation and Scope of Articles 4(1) and 5(1) in Relation to Articles 1(1) and 2 of the American Convention on Human Rights), Available at: https:// www. escr-net. org/ caselaw/ 2019/ advisory-opinion-oc-2317.
• Ioane Teitiota v. New Zealand (advance unedited version), CCPR/C/127/D/2728/2016, UN Human Rights Committee (HRC), 7 January 2020.
• Mex Müllner v. Austria, European Court of Human Rights, No.18859/21, 25 March 2021.
• Teitiota v the Chief Executive of Ministry of Business Innovation and Employment, Supreme Court of New Zealand, NZSC 107, 20 July 2015.
• The International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea, Advisory Opinion No. 31 Of May 21, 2024, Requested By The Commission of Small Island States on Climate Change and International Law , Available at:https:// www. itlos. org/ fileadmin/ itlos/ documents /press_ releases_ english/ PR_350_EN.pdf.
• Verein KlimaSeniorinnen Schweiz and Others v. Switzerland, European Court of Human Rights, No. 53600/20, 26 April 2022.

Websites

• European Commission, Statement on the political agreement in the Council on the Crisis Proposal- New Pact on Migration and Asylum ,Brussels, 4 October 2023, Available at: https:// ec. europa. eu/ commission/ presscorner/detail/en/statement_23_4761.
• European Dactyloscopy (Eurodac), Available at: https:// knowledge 4policy.ec.europa.eu/dataset/ds00008_en.
• https://climate.copernicus.eu/surface-air-temperature-june-2024.
• https://climate.nasa.gov/evidence/.
• https://climatechange.doe.ir/portal/file/.
• https://documents-dds-ny. un. org/ doc/ UNDOC/ LTD/N23/ 094/52/PDF/N2309452. pdf? Open Element https:// economic. mfa.ir/ portal/ NewsView/695491.
• https://fa.amnesty.org/what-we-do/climate-change/- .
• https://help.unhcr.org/greece/fa/applying-for-asylum/dublin-iii-family-reunification-and-other-legal-pathways/.
• https:// home- affairs. ec. europa. eu/ policies/ migration- and-asylum/common-european-asylum-system_en.
• https:// home- affairs. ec. europa. eu/ policies/ migration-and-asylum/common-european-asylum-system/asylum-procedures_en.
• https:// home- affairs. ec. europa. eu/ policies/ migration-and-asylum/common-european-asylum-system/reception-conditions_en.
• https://ir.mondediplo.com/2022/01/article3957.html.
• https://parsi.euronews.com/2023/10/05/hottest-september-on-record-2023-ever-hot-year .
• https://parsi.euronews.com/2024/04/09/swiss-women-win-important-climate-case-at-european-court-of-human-rights.
• https://parsicanada.com/blog/the-international-organization-migration/- .
• https://science.nasa.gov/climate-change/evidence/.
• https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-paris-agreement.
• https://verfassungsblog.de/the-itlos-advisory-opinion-on-climate-change/.
• https://www.echr.coe.int/w/grand-chamber-hearing-concerning-33-member-states.
•  https://www.iom.int/climate-action
• https://www.iom.int/migration-environment-and-climate-change.
• https://www.itlos.org/fileadmin/itlos/documents/cases/31/Advisory_Opinion/C31_Adv_Op_21.05.2024_orig.pdf.
• https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/convention-rights-child.
• https://www.refworld.org/cases,HRC,5e26f7134.html.
• https://www.theguardian.com/law/2023/sep/27/girl-11-among-six-young-people-taking-on-32-nations-in-historic-climate-case.
• https://www.undrr.org/publication/political-declaration-high-level-meeting-midterm-review-sendai-framework-disaster-risk.
• https://www.undrr.org/publication/political-declaration-high-level-meeting-midterm-review-sendai-framework-disaster-risk.
• https://www.unrefugees.org/news/what-is-the-difference-between-a-refugee-and-a-migrant/.https://www.unrefugees.org/news/what-is-the-difference-between-a-refugee-and-a-migrant/#:~:text=A%20migrant%20is%20someone%20who,no%20such%20impediment%20to%20return.
• Report of    International   Organization   of   Migration,   2016  available at: https://publications.iom.int/books/assessing-climate-change-environmental-degradation-and-migration-nexus-south-asia .
• Report of  the UN Human Rights Council, 4 octobre 2021, Available at: https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2021/10/libya-evidence-crimes-against-humanity-and-war-crimes-committed-2016-un.
• Report of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees, 2022, available at: https://www.unhcr.org/news/press-releases/unhcrs-grandi-urges-world-leaders-not-forget-displaced-people-cop27.
• The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, 27^th World Climate Change Conference, Sharm El-Sheikh, Egypt, November 2022, Available at: https://www.unhcr.org/news/press-releases/unhcrs-grandi-urges-world-leaders-not-forget-displaced-people-cop27.
• UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), Guidance Note of     UN   High Commissioner  for  Refugees, May    2013,   available at: https://www.refworld.org/docid/51af82794.html .         
• UNHCR Factsheet on 1951 Convention and 1967 Protocol, Available at: https://www.unhcr.org/uk/sites/uk/files/legacy-pdf/3bbdb0954.pdf.
• UNICEF Report, Panama/New-York, September 2023, available at: https://www.unicef.org/press-releases/number-migrant-children-moving-across-latin-america-and-caribbean-hits-new-record.
• World Development Report 2023: Migrants, Refugees, and Societies. Washington, DC: World Bank, Available at: https:// www. worldbank. org/en/publication/wdr2023.