The Impact of Cultural Differences on Online Victimization | ||
| فصلنامه پژوهش حقوق کیفری | ||
| Volume 13, Issue 48, October 2024, Pages 121-152 PDF (1.27 M) | ||
| Document Type: Research Paper | ||
| DOI: 10.22054/jclr.2025.83774.2730 | ||
| Author | ||
| tahmineh shahpouri* | ||
| PhD in criminal law and criminology, Allameh Tabatabai University, Tehran,Iran | ||
| Abstract | ||
| Online victimization, as a growing phenomenon, presents unique challenges that differ significantly from traditional forms of victimization. Features such as the anonymity of both perpetrators and victims, the dissolution of geographical boundaries, reduced trust, and heightened vulnerability make cyberspace a distinctive environment for victimization. A key factor influencing this form of victimization is cultural differences, which play a pivotal role in the formation, experience, and recurrence of online victimization. Culture, a complex concept encompassing the beliefs, behaviors, customs, and values of a society, has been recognized since the 1990s, particularly in criminology and cultural criminology, as a significant structural factor. Contemporary criminological approaches view culture and cultural factors as foundational causes of crime and victimization. Cultural criminology, in particular, argues that culture not only shapes criminal behavior but also influences societal reactions to crime and victimization. Modern media and online environments, by influencing social norms and perceptions, have created new contexts for criminal acts and victimization. These new settings present specific challenges for vulnerable groups, particularly children and adolescents, such as the promotion of violence, aggressive behaviors, and the erosion of positive social values. This study adopts an analytical-descriptive approach, utilizing library resources to investigate the theoretical and practical aspects of this issue. Theoretical Frameworks Explaining the Role of Cultural Differences in Online Victimization Routine Activity Theory (RAT), proposed by Cohen and Felson, identifies three essential elements for victimization: motivated offenders, suitable targets, and capable guardianship. Cultural differences influence these components in various ways. For instance, some cultures exhibit greater tolerance toward aggressive online behaviors, and the levels of familial and social supervision over internet use can vary. Cultures that encourage the sharing of personal information increase their members’ vulnerability to online victimization. Social Identity Theory emphasizes the role of group membership and cultural identity in how individuals experience victimization. People from diverse cultural backgrounds may experience victimization differently based on their group affiliations. Ethnic and racial minorities, for example, are disproportionately exposed to online harassment, and the social distance between groups can intensify feelings of isolation and vulnerability. Social groups that legitimize violent behavior may contribute to the perpetuation of victimization cycles. The Barlett Gentile Cyberbullying Model (BGCM) focuses on the impact of learned attitudes, especially regarding anonymity and the diminished relevance of physical power in online spaces. Cultures with strong social norms, such as collectivist societies, tend to have lower rates of online bullying. Conversely, individualistic cultures, which emphasize personal autonomy, exhibit higher rates of online victimization. Positive attitudes toward online harassment, combined with a lack of accountability and weak social norm enforcement, increase individuals’ vulnerability. Hofstede’s Cultural Dimensions Theory identifies cultural dimensions such as individualism/collectivism, power distance, uncertainty avoidance, and masculinity/femininity, which all affect online interactions and the likelihood of victimization. For example, in high power distance cultures, individuals may be less likely to report victimization, while those in cultures with high uncertainty avoidance may engage less in risky online interactions. Cultural Differences Impacting Online Victimization Across Four Dimensions The perception of victimization varies across cultures. Cultural norms influence how individuals recognize and react to victimization, as well as how seriously it is perceived. What may be considered a minor offense in one culture could be viewed as a serious crime in another, depending on the societal values and norms. The type of victimization also differs among cultures. Certain cultures may be more vulnerable to specific types of online victimization, such as cyberbullying, identity theft, or online harassment. These patterns are shaped by cultural tendencies toward technology use, communication styles, and the protection of personal information. The experience of victimization and its impact on individuals are mediated by cultural factors. Some cultures may emphasize resilience and coping strategies, while others may foster feelings of shame or helplessness in response to victimization. For example, cultures with strong community support systems may encourage individuals to seek help and recover more quickly, while those without such systems may experience prolonged psychological effects. Recurrence of victimization is influenced by cultural attitudes toward social supervision and support. In cultures with weaker social supervision or less emphasis on community support, individuals are more likely to experience repeated victimization. This lack of support can exacerbate the negative effects of online victimization and contribute to cycles of re-victimization. Practical Implications and Recommendations This study highlights the need for culturally sensitive approaches in addressing online victimization. Educational programs and awareness workshops should be tailored to cultural contexts to effectively reduce the occurrence of online victimization. Measures such as enhancing social and familial supervision, promoting positive social norms, and creating secure online platforms are essential. These interventions must take cultural differences into account to be truly effective in mitigating online victimization. Furthermore, a deeper understanding of cultural factors is crucial for designing effective prevention strategies that not only reduce victimization but also enhance the mental health and safety of individuals navigating digital environments. Cultural sensitivity in both policy-making and interventions is key to reducing online harm and supporting the well-being of vulnerable groups, such as children, adolescents, and marginalized communities. | ||
| Keywords | ||
| Victim; victimization; online victimization; cultural differences; re-victimization; prevention | ||
| References | ||
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In Persia
ب. انگلیسی
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