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Physiological and Organizational Determinants of Safety in Extreme Sport Tourism (rafting, climbing, sky running, canyoning) | ||
| New Approaches in Exercise Physiology | ||
| دوره 6، شماره 12، اسفند 2024، صفحه 235-290 اصل مقاله (692.23 K) | ||
| نوع مقاله: Review Article | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22054/nass.2025.90050.1209 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| Mohammad Hassan Solhjoo* 1؛ Mahnaz Zohre vandi khedri2 | ||
| 1Physical Education Department, Andisheh Jahrom Institute of Higher Education, Jahrom, Iran. | ||
| 2Department of Sports Management, National University of Skills, Malayer Boys' School, Malayer, Iran. | ||
| چکیده | ||
| Purpose: Extreme sport tourism has become a rapidly expanding segment of the global tourism industry, involving high-risk activities such as rafting, climbing, sky running, and canyoning. The objective of this review was to synthesize current scientific evidence on the physiological and organizational determinants of safety in extreme sport tourism and to present an integrated framework applicable to diverse adventure sport contexts. Method: A narrative review methodology was adopted. Peer-reviewed studies published between 2000 and 2025 were identified through PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar. Included studies addressed physiological stress responses, environmental exposure, guide competence, safety management systems, and emergency preparedness in extreme or adventure sport settings. Findings were thematically synthesized across physiological and organizational domains. Results: The review identified key physiological determinants of safety, including cardiovascular strain, hypoxic and respiratory stress, thermoregulatory imbalance, dehydration, neuromuscular fatigue, and neuroendocrine stress responses, all of which influence performance, cognition, and decision-making under extreme conditions. Organizational determinants included structured risk assessment, guide training and certification, equipment standards, communication systems, emergency response planning, and organizational safety culture. Evidence indicated that inadequate organizational control amplifies physiological risk and contributes to accident occurrence. Conclusion: Safety in extreme sport tourism requires an integrated, multidisciplinary approach aligning human physiological limits with organizational management to improve participant safety and support sustainable destination development. | ||
| کلیدواژهها | ||
| Sport؛ Tourism؛ Cardiorespiratory Stress Responses؛ Organizational Risk Mitigation | ||
| مراجع | ||
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Tourism Research, 73, 130–144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2018.10.005
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Furman, S., & Sibthorp, J. (2013). The development of judgment and decision-making in outdoor leaders. Journal of Experiential
Education, 36(1), 60–77.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1053825913481309
Page, S. J., Bentley, T. A., & Walker, L. (2005). Tourist safety in natural adventure settings: An exploratory study of New Zealand operators. Journal of Travel Research, 44(2), 143–156. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287505276591
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Burtscher, M. (2004). Effects of living at higher altitudes on physical performance. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 25(6), 411–422. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2004-821042
Casolo, A., Malgoyre, A., & Millet, G. P. (2020). Neuromuscular fatigue during mountain trail running races. Frontiers in Physiology, 11, 612. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2020.00612
Page, S. J., Bentley, T. A., & Walker, L. (2005). Tourist safety in natural adventure settings: An exploratory study of New Zealand operators. Journal of Travel Research, 44(2), 143–156. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287505276591
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Taylor, S., & Carter, R. (2019). Heat stress, hydration, and endurance performance. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living, 1, 38. https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2019.00038
Bentley, T. A., & Page, S. J. (2008). A decade of injury monitoring in the New Zealand adventure tourism sector: A summary risk analysis. Tourism Management, 29(3), 421–434.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2007.05.003
Buckley, R. (2018). Adventure tourism: A global analysis. Annals of
Tourism Research, 73, 130–144.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2018.10.005
Burtscher, M. (2004). Effects of living at higher altitudes on physical performance. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 25(6), 411–422. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2004-821042
Page, S. J., Bentley, T. A., & Walker, L. (2005). Tourist safety in natural adventure settings: An exploratory study of New Zealand operators. Journal of Travel Research, 44(2), 143–156. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287505276591
Bentley, T. A., & Page, S. J. (2008). A decade of injury monitoring in the New Zealand adventure tourism sector: A summary risk analysis. Tourism Management, 29(3), 421–434.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2007.05.003
Buckley, R. (2012). Rush as a key motivation in skilled adventure tourism: Resolving the risk recreation paradox. Tourism
Management, 33(4), 961–970.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2011.10.002
Buckley, R. (2018). Adventure tourism: A global analysis. Annals of
Tourism Research, 73, 130–144.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2018.10.005
Burtscher, M. (2004). Effects of living at higher altitudes on physical performance. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 25(6), 411–422. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2004-821042
Casolo, A., Malgoyre, A., & Millet, G. P. (2020). Neuromuscular fatigue during mountain trail running races. Frontiers in Physiology, 11, 612. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2020.00612
Cater, C. (2006). Playing with risk? Participant perceptions of risk and management implications in adventure tourism. Tourism
Management, 27(2), 317–325.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2004.10.005
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Furman, S., & Sibthorp, J. (2013). The development of judgment and decision-making in outdoor leaders. Journal of Experiential
Education, 36(1), 60–77.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1053825913481309
Page, S. J., Bentley, T. A., & Walker, L. (2005). Tourist safety in natural adventure settings: An exploratory study of New Zealand operators. Journal of Travel Research, 44(2), 143–156. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287505276591
Reason, J. (2000). Human error: Models and management. BMJ, 320(7237), 768–770. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.320.7237.768 Rickly, J. M. (2017). “I’m doing something!”: Exploring wellbeing and meaning in adventure tourism. Tourism Management, 59, 315–325. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2016.09.007 Schoffl, V., Morrison, A., Schwarz, U., Schöffl, I., & Küpper, T. (2010). Evaluation of injury and fatality risk in rock and ice climbing. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 44(7), 443–449.
https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2009.058537
Swann, C., Piggott, D., Crust, L., Keegan, R., & Hemmings, B. (2018). Exploring the interactions between flow states and stress in extreme sports. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 38, 28–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2018.05.003
Taylor, S., & Carter, R. (2019). Heat stress, hydration, and endurance performance. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living, 1, 38. https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2019.00038 | ||
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