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Physiological and Organizational Determinants of Safety in Extreme Sport Tourism (rafting, climbing, sky running, canyoning) | ||
| New Approaches in Exercise Physiology | ||
| دوره 6، شماره 12، اسفند 2024 | ||
| نوع مقاله: Review Article | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22054/nass.2025.90050.1209 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| Fatemeh sadat Hosseini* 1؛ Mohammad Ehsani2 | ||
| 1M.S.c. of Sports Mmanagement, Department of Physical Education & Sport Sciences, Faculty of Humanities, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran. | ||
| 2Professor of Sports Mmanagement, Department of Physical Education & Sport Sciences, Faculty of Humanities, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran. | ||
| چکیده | ||
| This review examines the key physiological determinants—such as cardiovascular strain, thermoregulation, hypoxia, hydration status, fatigue, and neuroendocrine stress responses—that influence individual vulnerability and performance in extreme sport tourism environments. These physiological factors interact dynamically with environmental elements including altitude, temperature fluctuations, water flow intensity, terrain instability, and exposure duration, creating multifaceted risks that require precise management. Equally critical are the organizational determinants of safety, encompassing risk assessment protocols, guide competence, emergency planning, equipment standards, tourist education, communication systems, and regulatory frameworks. The effectiveness of safety management depends on the integration of physiological monitoring with organizational decision-making to ensure that participants’ physical limits are respected while operational risks are minimized. Moreover, advances in wearable technology, remote monitoring systems, and real-time environmental sensing are reshaping safety strategies across adventure tourism destinations. This review highlights the importance of a multidisciplinary approach that combines exercise physiology, sport management, tourism planning, and environmental science to enhance safety outcomes in extreme sport tourism. By synthesizing current evidence, the paper provides an integrated model of physiological and organizational determinants and identifies knowledge gaps that should inform future research, policy development, and industry practice. Overall, ensuring safety in extreme sport tourism requires coordinated, evidence-based strategies that address both the physiological demands on participants and the organizational responsibilities of operators and destination managers. | ||
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