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از درد و رنج تا خشونت: بازتعریف ماهیت کیفر | ||
| فصلنامه پژوهش حقوق کیفری | ||
| دوره 14، شماره 52، مهر 1404، صفحه 1-34 اصل مقاله (1.53 M) | ||
| نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22054/jclr.2025.86387.2777 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| مهدی شیدائیان* 1؛ مسعود حاجیانی2 | ||
| 1دانشیار دانشکده حقوق دانشکدگان فارابی دانشگاه تهران. قم، ایران. | ||
| 2دانشجوی دکتری حقوق جزا و جرمشناسی دانشکدگان فارابی دانشگاه تهران، قم، ایران. | ||
| چکیده | ||
| برخلاف پنداشت غالب، تاکنون تعریف جامع و دقیقی از «کیفر» در دست نیست. حتی در قوانین جزایی بسیاری از کشورها -از جمله ایران- تعریفی از کیفر ارائه نشده و قانونگذار، همچون برخی اندیشمندان، این مفهوم را بدیهی و مفروض انگاشته است. باوجوداین، تعاریف مختلفی از کیفر نیز ارائه شده است که بیشتر آنها بر عنصر درد و رنج تأکید دارند و «دردآور بودن» کیفر را یکی از مؤلفههای اصلی آن بهشمار میآورند. این پژوهش در پی بازتعریف «کیفر» در نظامهای کیفری است و با روشی توصیفی-تحلیلی و بهرهگیری از دادههای کتابخانهای میکوشد به این پرسش پاسخ بگوید که: ماهیت واقعی کیفر چیست؟ برآیند این پژوهش این است که نخست آنکه آنچه در اغلب تعاریف موجود بهعنوان خصیصۀ ذاتی کیفر پذیرفته شده، درواقع عنصر سازندۀ کیفر نیست؛ بلکه «درد و رنج» یک ماهیت و «اثر» ِدرونی است که نتیجۀ یک کنش و عامل «اثرگذار» بیرونی، یعنی «کیفر»، است. دوم آنکه ساختار «کیفر» با ساختار «خشونت» کاملا قابلتطبیق است، با این تفاوت که در کیفر، این خشونت بهواسطۀ نظام حقوقی، مشروع، نظاممند و نهادینه اعلام میگردد. | ||
| کلیدواژهها | ||
| اهداف کیفر؛ خشونت؛ درد و رنج؛ کیفر؛ مشروعیت کیفر | ||
| مراجع | ||
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فارسی
کتابها
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[In Persian] Sedigh Sarvestani, Rahmat-ol-lah, Social Pathology, (Tehran: SAMAT, 2006). [In Persian] Sanei, Mahmoud, Freedom of the Individual and the Power of the State, (Tehran: Sokhan Publications, 1959). [In Persian] Amid, Hassan, The Great Illustrated Dictionary, 2 vols., (Tehran: Ibn Sina Library, 1958). [In Persian] Ghafarifard, Abbasgholi, History of Hard Labor, 4th ed., (Tehran: Negah Publications, 2023). [In Persian] Gholami, Hossein, Criminalistics, 3rd ed., (Tehran: Mizan Publishing, 2020). [In Persian] Fraya, Helen, Violence in the History of Philosophical Thought, trans. Abbas Bagheri, 3rd ed., (Tehran: Forozan Rooz Publishing, 2019). [In Persian] Fromm, Erich, Anatomy of Human Destructiveness, trans. Ahmad Sabouri, 6th ed., (Tehran: Ashian Publishing, 2011). [In Persian] Foucault, Michel, Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison, trans. Niko Sarkhosh and Afshin Jahandideh, 17th ed., (Tehran: Ney Publishing, 2010). 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Mohammad Goodarzi, (Tehran: Majd Publishing, 2003). [In Persian] Madani Ghahfarkhi, Saeed, Against Violence, 2nd ed., (Tehran: Parse Book Translation and Publishing Company, 2001). [In Persian] Moein, Mohammad, Moein Persian Dictionary, 1st ed., (Tehran: Farhangnama Publishing, 2008). [In Persian] Mansourabadi, Abbas, Brief Summary of General Criminal Law, 3rd ed., (Tehran: Mizan Publishing, 2000). [In Persian] Mousavi, Seyyed Abbas, Torture in Iran’s Criminal Policy, 2nd ed., (Tehran: Dadgostar Publishing, 2003). [In Persian] Nietzsche, Friedrich, Beyond Good and Evil, trans. Dariush Ashouri, 8th ed., (Tehran: Kharazmi Publications, 2021). [In Persian] Wetlesen, Arne Johann, Philosophy of Pain, trans. Mohammad Karimi, 5th ed., (Tehran: Nashr-e No, 2022). [In Persian] Hobbes, Thomas, Leviathan, trans. Hossein Bashirieh, 12th ed., (Tehran: Nay Publications, 2017). [In Persian] Holloway, Gabriel, Punishment: A Modern Doctrine, trans. Ali Shojaei, 1st ed., (Tehran: Dadgostar Publications, 2014). [In Persian] Hegel, G. W. F., Elements of the Philosophy of Right, trans. Mahbod Iranian-Talb, 8th ed., (Tehran: Qatra Publications, 2021). [In Persian] Articles Ezmad, Seyed Ali, “How Should Delinquent Children Be Treated?”, People’s Rights Journal, no. 31 (1973): 19–22. [In Persian] Ezmad, Seyed Ali, “Fundamentals of Sound Legislation”, Nameh-e-Mofid Magazine, no. 46 (2004): 191–196. [In Persian] Rabbaniyya, Muhaddeseh, “Emotion in Leibniz’s Philosophy”, Two Quarterly Scientific Metaphysics, vol. 16, no. 2 (Fall–Winter 2024): 43–59. [In Persian] Saeedi Mehr, Mohammad, “What Is Pain from the Viewpoint of Ibn Sina?”, Contemporary Wisdom Publishing, vol. 8, no. 2 (2017): 39–53. [In Persian] Sadeghi, Mohammad Mehdi, “An Essay on the Genealogy of Punishment from Nietzsche’s Perspective Based on His Critique of Kant’s Absolute”, Two Quarterly Journals of Research and Development in Criminal Law and Criminology, vol. 2, no. 3 (Spring–Summer 2025). [In Persian] Fallahi, Ahmad, “Returning Evil for Evil: A Philosophical-Ethical Reflection on the Retributive Justification of Pain and Suffering”, Criminal Law Doctrines, vol. 21, no. 27 (Spring–Summer 2024). Moradipasand, Golnaz; Bashirieh, Tahmoorth; Gholami, Hossein, “Penetration of Punitiveness into the Criminal Domain and Its Impact on Punitive Policies”, Journal of Criminal and Criminological Research, no. 10 (2022).
References - Bruce. Steve and Steven Yearly (2006). The Sage Dictionary of Sociology. Londen: Sage Publication.
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