مسئولیت کیفری سیستم‌های مبتنی‌بر هوش مصنوعی برای ارتکاب جرائم بین‌المللی و اعطای وضعیت رزمنده یا شخصیت الکترونیکی به آن‌ها؛ ضرورت‌ها، موانع و راه‌حل‌ها

• ابوذری، مهرنوش؛ برزگر، محمدرضا، نادری، زهرا. (1402). «امکان‌سنجی مسئولیت کیفری سلاح‎های جنگی مبتنی‌بر هوش مصنوعی و مسئله بی‌کیفرمانی در دادگاه کیفری بین‌المللی»، حقوق فناوری‌های نوین، دورۀ 4، شمارۀ 8. 122133/mtlj.2023.389496.1184
• بصیری، عباس. (1398). «مسئولیت‌پذیری در به‌کارگیری جنگ افزارهای رباتیک مستقل»، تعالی حقوق، شمارۀ 4. 22034/thdad.2019.240068
• پیری، حیدر. (1404). «استفاده نظامی از سیستم‌های تسلیحاتی خودمختار مبتنی‌بر هوش مصنوعی در مخاصمات مسلحانه؛ تعهدات حفاظتی دولت‌ها در چارچوب حقوق بین‌الملل بشردوستانه»، دوفصلنامۀ حقوق بشر، دورۀ 19(2). 22096/hr.2024.2019027.1645
• پیری، حیدر. (1404). «مسئولیت بین‌المللی دولت‌ها در ارتباط با کاربست سلاح‌های مبتنی‌بر هوش مصنوعی در درگیری‌های مسلحانه»، حقوق فناوری‌های نوین، شمارۀ 6(12). 22133/mtlj.2025.449001.1353
• رنجبریان، امیر حسین؛ بذار، وحید. (1397). «رعایت حقوق بین‌الملل بشردوستانه از سوی روباتهای نظامی خودفرمان و مسئولیت ناشی از اقدامات آن‌ها»، مجلۀ حقوقی بین‌المللی، شمارۀ 59. 22066/cilamag.2018.31884
• عرب‌چادگانی، رضا، و بهرام مرادیان. (1402). «مشروعیت به‌کارگیری سامانه‌های نظامی هوشمند در مخاصمات مسلحانه»، فصلنامۀ مطالعات حقوق عمومی، دورۀ 53، شمارۀ 4. https://doi.org/10.22059/jplsq.2021.326075.2807

Translated References into English

• Abouzari, M; Barzegar, M R & Naderi, Z (2023), ‘‘Feasibility of AI-powered war weapons criminal liability and the challenge of impunity in the International Criminal Court’’, Modern Technologies Law, Vol.4, Issue.8, pp.119-134. 122133/mtlj.2023.389496.1184 [In Persian].
• Basiri, A (2019), ‘‘Responsibility in the Use of Independent Robotic Weapons’’, Culmination of Law, Vol.5, Issue.2, pp.73-106. 22034/thdad.2019.240068 [In Persian].
• Chadegani, RA; Moradian, B (2024), ‘‘The Legitimacy of Using Intelligent Military Systems in Armed Conflict’’, Public Law Studies Quarterly, Vol.53, Issue.4, pp.2033-2055. https://doi.org/10.22059/jplsq.2021.326075.2807 [In Persian].
• Piri, Heidar (2025), ‘‘Consequences of International Responsibility of States Regarding the Military Use of Artificial Intelligence in Armed Conflicts’’, Modern Technologies Law, Vol.6, Issue.12, pp.169-193. 22133/mtlj.2025.449001.1353 [In Persian].
• Piri, Heidar (2025), ‘‘The Military Use of Artificial Intelligence in Armed Conflict: States Protective Obligations Stemming from IHL’’, The Journal of Human Rights, Vol.19 (2). 22096/hr.2024.2019027.1645 [In Persian].
• Ranjbarian, AH; Bazar, V (2018), ‘‘The Observance of International Humanitarian Law by Autonomous Military Robots and the Responsibility for Their Actions’’, International Law Review, Vol.35, No.59, pp.63-84. 22066/cilamag.2018.31884 [In Persian].

References

Books & Articles

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• Albadi, Nuha; Kurdi, Maram & Shivakant Mishra (2019), Hateful People or Hateful Bots? Detection and Characterization of Bots Spreading Religious Hatred in Arab Social Media, Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction, Vol.3.
• Beard, JM (2014), ‘‘Autonomous Weapons and Human Responsibilities’’, Georgetown Journal of International Law, Vol.45(3).
• Bo, M; Bruun, L. & V. Boulanin (2022), ‘‘Retaining Human Responsibility in the Development and Use of Autonomous Weapon Systems: On Accountability for Violations of International Humanitarian Law Involving AWS’’, Stockholm International Peace Research Institute.
• Bonfim, Tany Calixto (2022), Criminal Liability of Artificial Intelligent Machines: Eyeing into AI’s Mind, Lund University.
• Casey-Maslen, Stuart (2014), Weapons Under International Human Rights Law, Cambridge University Press.
• Cerka, Paulius; Grigiene, Jurgita and Gintare Sirbikyte (2017), ‘‘Is It Possible to Grant Legal Personality to Artificial Intelligence Software Systems?’’, Computer Law & Security Review, Vol.33(5).
• Chengeta, S (2016), ‘‘Accountability Gap. Autonomous Weapon Systems and modes of Responsibility in International Law’’, Denver Journal of International Law and Policy, Vol.45.
• Chesterman, Simon (2020), ‘‘Artificial Intelligence and the Limit of Legal Personality’’, International and Comparative Law Quarterly, Vol.69.
• Dafni, Lima (2018), ‘‘Could AI Agents be held Criminally Liable? Artificial Intelligence and the Challenges for Criminal Law’’, South Carolina Law Review, Vol.69(3).
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• Endsley, M. R; Garland, D (2000), Situation Awareness Analysis and Measurement, CRC Press.
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• Hallevy, Gabriel (2013), When Robots Kill: Artificial Intelligence under Criminal Law, UPNE.
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• Hawking, Stephen (2018), Brief Answers to the Big Questions, John Murray.
• Bryson, M. Diamantis and T. Grant (2017), ‘‘Of, For, and By the People: The Legal Lacuna of Synthetic Persons’’, Artificial Intelligence Law, Vol.25.
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• King, Thomas C., et al (2020), ‘‘Artificial Intelligence Crime: An Interdisciplinary Analysis of Foreseeable Threats and Solutions’’, Science and Engineering Ethics, Vol.26(1).
• Lagioia, Francesca; Sartor, Giovanni (2020), ‘‘AI Systems Under Criminal Law: A Legal Analysis and a Regulatory Perspective’’, Philosophy & Technology, Vol.33.
• Lior, Anat (2020), ‘‘AI Entities as AI Agents: Artificial Intelligence Liability and the AI Respondeat Superior Analogy’’, Mitchell Hamline Law Review, Vol.46.
• Simmler and N. Markwalder (2019), ‘Guilty Robots? Rethinking the Nature of Culpability and Legal Personhood in an Age of Artificial Intelligence’, Criminal Law Forum, Vol.30.
• Mahardhika, Vita; Astuti, Pudji; Mustafa, Aminuddin (2023), ‘‘Could Artificial Intelligence be the Subject of Criminal Law?’’ Yustisia Jurnal Hukum, Vol.12, No.1.
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• Mozur, Paul (2018), A Genocide Incited on Facebook, with Posts from Myanmar’s Military, New York TIMES,.
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• Ngaire, Naffine (2003), ‘‘Who are Law’s Persons? From Cheshire Cats to Responsible Subjects’’, Modern Law Review, Vol.66.
• Novelli, Claudio; Giorgio Bongiovanni & Giovanni Sartor (2022), ‘‘A Conceptual Framework for Legal Personality and its Application to AI’’, Jurisprudence, Vol.13.
• Ohlin Jens David (2016), ‘‘The Combatant’s Stance: Autonomous Weapons on the Battlefield’’, International Law Studies, Vol.92.
• Osmani, Nora (2020), ‘‘The Complexity of Criminal Liability of AI Systems’’, Masaryk University Journal of Law and Technology, Vol.14.
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• Prosperi, Luigi; Terrosi, Jacopo (2017), ‘‘Embracing the Human Factor”, Journal of International Criminal Justice, Vol.15(3).
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• Saria, Onur; Celik, Sener (2021), ‘‘Legal Evaluation of the Attacks Caused by Artificial Intelligence-based Lethal Weapon Systems within the Context of Rome Statute’’, Computer Law & Security Review, Vol.42.
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• Swart, Bert (2009), ‘‘Modes of international Criminal Liability’’, in The Oxford Companion to International Criminal Justice, Antonio Cassese(ed.), Oxford University Press.
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Cases & Documents

• European Commission, Proposal for a Regulation of The European Parliament and of the Council Laying Down Harmonised Rules on Artificial Intelligence (Artificial Intelligence Act) and Amending Certain Union Legislative Acts (2021).
• Civil Law Rules on Robotics, European Parliament Resolution of 16 February 2017 with Recommendations to the Commission on Civil Law Rules on Robotics (2015/2103(INL)).
• France v. Goering, 22 I.M.T. 411, 466 (1946).
• Human Rights Council, Report of the Detailed Findings of the Independent International Fact-Finding Mission on Myanmar, at 323, U.N. Doc. A/HRC/39/CRP.2 (Sept. 28, 2018)
• International Criminal Court, Elements of Crimes art. 8 intro., U.N. Doc. PCNICC/2000/1/Add.2 (June 30, 2000).
• Orangutan Sandra Granted Personhood Settles into New Florida Home, GUARDIAN, (Nov. 7, 2019),
• N. Office, The C.C.W. Informal Meeting of Experts on L.A.W.S., The communication of the International Committee of the Red Cross to the Conference on Disarmament convened by United Nations 5 (Apr. 11-15, 2016).
• Council of the European Union, Artificial Intelligence Act, Brussels, 2 February 2024.
• Prosecutor v. Halilovid, IT-01-48-T T.Ch. 1, Judgment, T 61 (Nov. 16, 2005).
• European Parliament Resolution of 16 February 2017 with Recommendations to the Commission on Civil Law Rules on Robotics, Feb. 16, 2017, 2017 O.J. (C 252).
• Prosecutor v Bemba, ICC-01/05-01/08, Pre-Trial Chamber II, Decision on the Confirmation of Charges, 15 June 2009.