الزامات رقابتی بنگاه‌های دروازه‌بان در قانون بازار‌های دیجیتال اتحادیه اروپا: تجاربی برای حقوق رقابت ایران

• رهبری، ابراهیم و مسعودی تفرشی، آرین، «خودترجیحی در پلتفرم‌های دیجیتال: تحلیل حقوق رقابتی رفتارهای ترجیحی و ضرورت و ملاحظات وضع مقررات رقابتی پیشگیرانه»، مجله حقوق خصوصی، (1403)، دوره ۱، شماره ۱،

• غیور، مبینا، قواعد رقابتی ناظر بر بنگاه‌های دروازه‌بان در بازارهای دیجیتال، پایان‌نامه کارشناسی ارشد، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی ، (1402).

References

Books

• Ogus, Anthony, Regulation: Legal Form and Economic Theory (Oxford: Hart Publishing, 2004).
• Larouche, Pierre, Competition Law and Regulation in European Telecommunications (Oxford: Hart Publishing, 2000).
• Marsden, Philip and Podszun, Rupprecht, Restoring Balance to Digital Competition—Sensible Rules, Effective Enforcement, Chapter 1 (Berlin: Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung, 2020).
• Montero Pascual, Juan José, Regulación económica: la actividad administrativa de regulación de los mercados (Valencia: Tirant lo Blanch, 2020).

Articles

• Akman, Pinar, “Regulating Competition in Digital Platform Markets: A Critical Assessment of the Framework and Approach of the EU Digital Markets Act”, European Law Review, Vol. 47, No. 1, (2022), https:// org/ 10.2139/ ssrn.3978625.
• Beems, Borja, “The DMA in the Broader Regulatory Landscape of the EU: An Institutional Perspective”, European Competition Journal, Vol. 19, No. 1, (2022), https://doi.org/10.1080/17441056.2022.2129766.
• Bostoen, Friso, “Understanding the Digital Markets Act”, Antitrust Bulletin, Vol. 68, No. 2, (2023), https:// doi. org/ 10.1177/ 0003603 X231168195.
• Carugati, Christophe, “Compliance Principles for the Digital Markets Act”, SSRN Electronic Journal, (2023), https:// doi. org/ 10.2139/ ssrn.4738733.
• Dethmers, Frances & Blondeel, H., “EU Enforcement Policy on Abuse of Dominance: Some Statistics and Facts”, ECLR, Vol. 38, No. 4, (2017).
• Huckova, Regina and Semanova, Martina, “The Position and Regulation of Gatekeepers in the Context of the New European Legislation”, EU and Comparative Law Issues and Challenges Series, Vol. 6, (2022), https:// org/ 10.25234/eclic/22396.
• Huckova, Regina and Semanova, Martina, “Various Consequences of Digital Markets Act on Gatekeepers”, EU and Comparative Law Issues and Challenges Series, Vol. 7, No. 1, (2023), https:// doi. org/ 10.25234/ eclic/28271.
• Ibáñez Colomo, Pablo, “The Draft Digital Markets Act: A Legal and Institutional Analysis”, Journal of European Competition Law & Practice, Vol. 12, No. 7, (2021), https://doi.org/10.1093/jeclap/lpab065.
• Kerber, Wolfgang & Zolna, Karsten K., “The German Facebook Case: The Law and Economics of the Relationship Between Competition and Data Protection Law”, European Journal of Law and Economics, Vol. 54, No. 2, (2022), https://doi.org/10.1007/s10657-022-09727-z.
• Monti, Giorgio, “The Digital Markets Act – Institutional Design and Suggestions for Improvement”, TILEC Discussion Paper, No. 2021-04 (2021), https:// org/10.2139/ssrn.3797730.
• Moreno Belloso, Natalia and Petit, Nicolas, “The EU Digital Markets Act (DMA): A Competition Hand in a Regulatory Glove”, European Law Review, Vol. 48, (2023), https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4411743.
• Podszun, Rupprecht, Bongartz, Philipp and Langenstein, Silvin, “The Digital Markets Act: Moving from Competition Law to Regulation for Large Gatekeepers”, EuCML, Vol. 10, No. 2, (2021), https:// doi. org/ 10.5771/2193-727X-2021-2-60.
• Pošćić, Ana, “The Digital Markets Act: Ensuring More Contestability and Openness in the European Digital Market”, InterEULawEast, Vol. 11, No. 1, (2024), https://doi.org/10.22598/iele.2024.11.1.12.

 - Prosperetti, Eugenio & Tuzzolino, Davide, “Abuso di dati personali? La Corte di Giustizia ammette il sindacato antitrust sul trattamento dei dati personali”, Diritto di Internet, No. 4, (2023).

• Rodríguez Ayuso & Juan Francisco, “Administrative Sanctioning Regime for Gatekeepers: Consequences for Non-Compliance with the Digital Markets Act”, Revista Digital de Derecho Administrativo, No. 31, (2024), https:// org/ 10. 18601/23465596.
• Samkalden & Druker, I. E., “Legal Problems Relating to Article 86 of the Rome Treaty”, Common Market Law Review, Vol. 3, No. 2, (1965), https:// org/10.54648/COLA1965017.
• Scalzini, S., “Dipendenza economica e regolazione ‘asimmetrica’ dell’attività d’impresa. Prime osservazioni sul novellato art. 9 l. n. 192/1998”, Analisi Giuridica dell’Economia, Vol. 2, (2022), https:// doi. org/10.1433/105370.
• Van den Boom, Jasper, “What Does the Digital Markets Act Harmonize? – Exploring Interactions Between the DMA and National Competition Laws”, European Competition Journal, Vol. 19, No. 1, (2023), https:// org/ 10. 1080/17441056.2022.2140645.
• Vezzoso, Simonetta, “Compliance by Design with the Messenger Interoperability Obligation Under the Digital Markets Act”, SSRN Electronic Journal, (2023), https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4558135.

Documents & Reports

• De Streel, Alexandre et al., “The European Proposal for a Digital Markets Act: A First Assessment”, CERRE Assessment Paper, (2021).
• de Streel, Alexandre, Marc Bourreau, Sally Broughton Micova, Richard Feasey, Amelia Fletcher, Jan Krämer, Giorgio Monti and Martin Peitz, Effective and Proportionate Implementation of the DMA, CERRE, (2023), Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4323647.
• Frison-Roche, Marie-Anne, “Ex ante / Ex post”, (2016), https:// mafr. fr/ en/article/ex-ante-ex.
• Governments of France, Germany and the Netherlands, Strengthening the Digital Markets Act and Its Enforcement, 27 May 2021, https:// www. permanentrepresentations.nl /permanent-representations/pr-eubrussels/ documents/ publications/ 2021/05/27/ strengthening- the-digital-markets-act-and-its-enforcement.
• Kaly, Ken, Monika Zdzieborska, Bethany Wise and Anna Kubinska, “Unpacking Digital Data Laws Across Europe: Addressing the Digital Markets Act”, Data Matters Privacy Blog, 24 January 2023, https://datamatters.sidley.com/2023/01/24/unpacking-digital-data-laws-across-europe-addressing-the-digital-markets-act.
• OECD, Start-ups, Killer Acquisitions and Merger Control, 2020, https:// www. oecd. org/ daf/competition/start-ups-killer-acquisitions-and-merger-control-2020.pdf.
• Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy (Germany); Ministère de l’Économie, des Finances et de la Relance (France); Ministry of Economic Affairs and Climate Policy (The Netherlands) (“The Friends of an Effective DMA”), Letter and Proposal: Strengthening the Digital Markets Act and Its Enforcement, 9 September 2021, https:// www. permanentrepresentations.nl/ permanent-representations/ pr-eubrussels/ documents/ publications/ 2021/09/9/strengthening-the-digital-markets-act-and-its-enforcement.

Cases

• ACM, Market Study into Mobile Mobile Stores (Report), ACM/18/032693.
• Bundeskartellamt, Case B6-55/20, Linkage of Meta Quest (Formerly Oculus) with the Facebook Network, 23 November 2022.
• Court of Justice of the European Union, Case C-307/18 Generics (UK) Ltd and Others v Competition and Markets Authority, ECLI:EU:C:2020:52.
• Court of Justice of the European Union, Cases 56 and 58–64, Établissements Consten S.à.R.L. and Grundig-Verkaufs-GmbH v Commission of the EEC [1966] ECR I-299.
• eu, Case AT.39740, Microsoft Corp v Commission, [2007] ECR II-3601. Accessed 20 March 2025.
• European Commission, Microsoft (Case COMP/C-3/37.792) Commission Decision, 24 March 2004.
• European Commission, Microsoft (Tying) (Case AT.39530) Commission Decision, 16 December 2009.
• European Commission, “Antitrust: Commission Accepts Commitments by Amazon,” 20 December 2022.
• European Commission, Case AT.40437 – Apple – App Store Practices (music streaming), Decision of 30 March 2024.
• European Commission, Google Android (Case AT.40099) Commission Decision, 18 July 2018.
• Tribunal de commerce de Paris, Case 2018017655, Ministère de l’économie et des finances v Google, 28 March 2022.
• Tribunal de commerce de Paris, Case 2017040626, Ministère de l’économie et des finances v Apple, 19 December 2022.