| تعداد نشریات | 62 |
| تعداد شمارهها | 2,323 |
| تعداد مقالات | 19,157 |
| تعداد مشاهده مقاله | 61,575,372 |
| تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله | 31,228,830 |
پاکسازی قومی مسلمانان میانمار؛ جنایت علیه بشریت یا نسل کشی؟ | ||
| فصلنامه پژوهش حقوق کیفری | ||
| مقاله 2، دوره 4، شماره 15، شهریور 1395، صفحه 45-73 اصل مقاله (293.18 K) | ||
| نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22054/jclr.2016.4435 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| علیرضا روستائی* 1؛ علیرضا آرش پور2 | ||
| 1دانشجوی دکترای حقوق بین الملل عمومی دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد خوراسگان(اصفهان) | ||
| 2استادیار گروه حقوق بین الملل دانشگاه اصفهان | ||
| چکیده | ||
| از چندین دهه پیش تا کنون، اقلیت قومی روهینگیا در ایالت آراکان شمالی کشور میانمار از نقض شدید حقوق بشر رنج می برند. صدها هزار نفر از آنان به کشور بنگلادش فرار کرده اند و در آنجا در شرایط سختی سکونت دارند. این مقاله نشان می دهد که هدف از چنین اقداماتی پاکسازی قومی مسلمانان از ایالت آراکان می باشد. پاکسازی قومی به معنی یکنواخت سازی قومی یک منطقه از طریق انتقال اجباری و سازمان یافته افراد متعلق به گروه قربانی از آن منطقه می باشد.طبق حقوق بین الملل کیفری،مفهوم پاکسازی قومی از یک طرف با جنایات علیه بشریت (تبعید و انتقال اجباری) و از طرف دیگر با نسل کشی مرتبط است. شواهد موجود در خصوص کشتار و خشونت علیه مسلمانان روهینگیا در ایالت آراکان اثبات می نماید که این پاکسازی قومی بیش از صرف انتقال اجباری مسلمانان از سرزمین شان بوده و بخشی از اقدامات عمدی جهت نابودسازی و ارتکاب نسل کشی علیه آنان می باشد. | ||
| کلیدواژهها | ||
| اقلیت قومی روهینگیا؛ انتقال اجباری؛ تبعید؛ حقوق بین الملل کیفری | ||
| مراجع | ||
|
یارﻮﺷ ﻪﺑ نآ عﺎﺟرا هﻮﺤﻧ و رﺎﻤﻧﺎﯿﻣ رد ﺮﺸﺑ قﻮﻘﺣ ﺖﯿﻌﺿو» .(1387) ﻦﺴﺤﻣ ،ﯽﻧﺎﻣز ﺪﯿﻣا -
.91-104 ،(2) ،ﯽﻠﻠﻤﻟاﻦﯿﺑ تﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻪﻣﺎﻨﻠﺼﻓ .«ﺖﯿﻨﻣا
،ناﺮﻬﺗ .ﺮﺻﺎﻌﻣ ﻞﻠﻤﻟاﻦﯿﺑ قﻮﻘﺣ مﺎﻈﻧ رد ﯽﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﯽﺸﮐﻞﺴﻧ .(1395) ﺎﺿﺮﯿﻠﻋ ،ﯽﺋﺎﺘﺳور -
.ﻞﮕﻨﺟ تارﺎﺸﺘﻧا
ﻪﻨﯾدﺎﻬﻧ ﯽﺘﺳﺮﭘداﮋﻧ و ﯽﺸﮐﻞﺴﻧ :رﺎﻤﻧﺎﯿﻣ رد ﯽﯾادﻮﺑ ﻢﺴﯿﻟﺎﻧﻮﯿﺳﺎﻧ» .(1392) ﮓﻧوﺎﻣ ،ﯽﻧرز -
.125-132 ،(119 و 118) ،بﺮﻏ ﺖﺣﺎﯿﺳ ﻪﻣﺎﻨﻫﺎﻣ ،یﺮﻫﺎﻃ داﻮﺟ ﻪﻤﺟﺮﺗ .«ﺎﯿﮕﻨﯿﻫور نﺎﻧﺎﻤﻠﺴﻣ ﻪﯿﻠﻋ
.ﻢﻠﻋ رﻮﻧ تارﺎﺸﺘﻧا ،ناﺪﻤﻫ .ﻞﻠﻤﻟاﻦﯿﺑ قﻮﻘﺣ رد ﺎﻫﺖﯿﻠﻗا زا ﺖﯾﺎﻤﺣ .(1385) رﺎﺘﺳ ،یﺰﯾﺰﻋ -
نﺎﺒﮑﺗﺮﻣ تازﺎﺠﻣ ﻮﺗﺮﭘ رد ﺎﻫﺖﯿﻠﻗا ﺖﯾدﻮﺟﻮﻣ ﻖﺣ زا ﺖﯾﺎﻤﺣ» .(1386) رﺎﺘﺳ ،یﺰﯾﺰﻋ -
ﯽﺳﺎﯿﺳ مﻮﻠﻋ و قﻮﻘﺣ هﺪﮑﺸﻧاد ﻪﻠﺠﻣ ،قﻮﻘﺣ ﻪﻣﺎﻨﻠﺼﻓ .«ﯽﻠﻠﻤﻟاﻦﯿﺑ ﯽﯾﺎﻀﻗ یﻪﯾور رد ﺪﯿﺳﻮﻧژ
.160-125 ،(4) ،37 هرود ،ناﺮﻬﺗ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد
رد ﺖﯿﻨﻣا یارﻮﺷ یاﺮﺑ ﯽﻧﻮﻣزآ ،رﺎﻤﻧﺎﯿﻣ ناﺮﺤﺑ» .(1392) ﻪﯿﺿﺮﻣ ،یرﺪﻨﻠﻗ ؛ﻪﻤﻃﺎﻓ ،رﻮﭘ ﺢﺘﻓ -
.157-183 ،(23) ،ﯽﻗﻮﻘﺣ یﺎﻫﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﻪﻠﺠﻣ .«ﯽﻠﻠﻤﻟاﻦﯿﺑ ﯽﻗﻮﻘﺣ ﻢﻈﻧ بﻮﭼرﺎﻬﭼ
نﺎﻧﺎﻤﻠﺴﻣ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ و ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ،ﺎﯿﻓاﺮﻐﺟ ،ﺦﯾرﺎﺗ ﺮﺑ یرﺬﮔ» .(1391) ﺎﺿﺮﻣﻼﻏ ،هراوز ﯽﻠﮔ -
.803-813 ،(11) ،52 لﺎﺳ ،مﻼﺳا ﺐﺘﮑﻣ زا ﯽﯾﺎﻬﺳرد ﻪﻣﺎﻨﻫﺎﻣ .«(4)(ﻪﻣﺮﺑ) رﺎﻤﻧﺎﯿﻣ
.50-53 ،(128) .«رﺎﻤﻧﺎﯿﻣ رد نﺎﻧﺎﻤﻠﺴﻣ» .(1394) ﺮﺘﺴﮔنﺎﻬﺟ ﻪﻣﺎﻨﻫﺎﻣ -
کﺎﭘ ﻦﺴﺤﻣ ﺎﺑ ﻮﮕﺘﻔﮔ ،رﺎﻤﻧﺎﯿﻣ ﺖﻟود ﺖﯾﺎﻤﺣ ﺎﺑ نﺎﻧﺎﻤﻠﺴﻣ رﺎﺘﺸﮐ» .(1391) هﺮﺠﻨﭘ ﻪﻣﺎﻧﻪﺘﻔﻫ -
.44-45 ،(143) ،4 لﺎﺳ .«ﺖﺳا نﺎﯾﺮﺟ رد ﻪﮐ یاﻪﻌﺟﺎﻓ و رﺎﻤﻧﺎﯿﻣ هرﺎﺑرد ﻦﯿﯾآ
- Al Jazeera (2012, 9 December). “The Hidden Genocide”. Available from: http://
www.aljazeera.com/programmes/ aljazeerainvestigates/ 2012/12/2012125122215836351.
html.
- Bevan, Robert (2006). The Destruction of Memory. London, cpi/Bath Press.
- Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Serbia and Montenegro (2007, 26 February). Case concerning the
Application of the Convention on the Prevention and
Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, Judgment I.C.J. Available from:
http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/index.php?p1=3&p2=5&p3=-1&y=2007.
- Chan, Aye; Zan, Shw U. (2005). “Influx Virus – The illegal Muslims in Arakan”. Available
from: http://www.networkmyanmar.org/images/ stories/
PDF15/Influx-Virus.pdf.
- Charter of the International Military Tribunal (1945). Available from:
https://www.uni-marburg.de/icwc/dateien/imtcenglish.pdf.
- Christian Solidarity Worldwide (2008). “Burma: Visit to the Bangladesh- Burma Border: 26-31
August 2008”. Available from: http://dynamic.csw.org.uk/
71
article.asp? t=report&id=100.
؟ﯽﯾادزﻞﺴﻧ ﺎﯾ ﺖﯾﺮﺸﺑ ﻪﯿﻠﻋ ﺖﯾﺎﻨﺟ ؛رﺎﻤﻧﺎﯿﻣ نﺎﻧﺎﻤﻠﺴﻣ ﯽﻣﻮﻗ یزﺎﺳکﺎﭘ
- Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (1979).
Available from: http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/ ProfessionalInterest/
cedaw.pdf.
- Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (1948). G.A. Res.
260 (III) A,U.N. Doc. A/RES/260(III). Available from:
http://www.oas.org/dil/1948_Convention_on_ the_Prevention_and_Punishment_of_the_
Crime_of_Genocide.pdf.
- Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness (1961). Available from:
http://www.unhcr.org/3bbb286d8.pdf.
- Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989). Available from:
http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/ProfessionalInterest/crc.pdf.
- Convention Relating to the Status of Stateless Persons (1954). Available from:
http://www.unhcr.org/3bbb25729.pdf.
- General Comment No.27 (1999). Human Rights Committee. Available from:
https://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/gencomm/hrcom27.htm
- Geneva Convention IV relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War (1949).
Available from: https://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/ Military_Law/
pdf/GC_1949-IV.pdf
- Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement (1998). United Nations High Commissioner
for Refugees, E/CN.4/1998/53/Add.2. Available from:
www.unhcr.org/43ce1cff2.html
- Human Rights Watch (1996). “The Rohingya Muslims: Ending a Cycle of Exodus”. Available
from: http://www.hrw.org/en/reports/1996/09/01/ronhingya-
muslims-ending-cycle-exodus].
- Human Rights Watch (2009). “Perilous Plight: Burma’s Rohingya take to the sea”. Available
from: http://www.hrw.org/reports/2009/05/26/perilous-plight-0.
- Human Rights Watch (2013). “All you Can do is pray: Crimes against humanity and ethnic
cleaning of Rohigya Muslims in Burma’s Arakan state”. 165 p.
Available from: http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/ reports/burma0413 webwcover_0.pdf.
- Interim Report of the Commission of Experts Established Pursuant to Security Council
Resolution 780 1992 (1994). UN Doc. S/35374. Available from:
http://www.icty.org/x/file/About/OTP/un_commission_of_experts_report1994_en.p df.
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (1966). Available from:
http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/ProfessionalInterest/ccpr.pdf.
- International Federation of Human Rights (2000). “Burma: Repression, Discrimination and
Ethnic Cleansing in Arakan”. Available from: http://
www.fidh.org/IMG/ pdf/arakbirm.pdf.
- Irish Centre for Human Rights (2010). “Crimes against Humanity in Western Burma:
The Situation of the Rohingyas”, National University of Ireland,
Galway, 153 p. Available from: http://burmaactionireland.org/images/ uploads/
ICHR_Rohingya_Report_2010.pdf.
- International Human Rights Clinic (2015). Persecution of the Rohingya Muslims: is Genocide
occurring in Myanmar’s Rakhine State, Prepared by the
Allard K. Lowenstein International Human Rights Clinic, Yale Law School for fortify rights.
Available from: http://www.fortifyrights.org/downloads/ Yale_
Persecution_of_the_Rohingya_October_2015.pdf
- Lemkin, Raphael (1944). Axis Rule in Occupied Europe. Washington: Carnegie Endowment for
International Peace, Division of International Law.
- Lallah, Rajsoomer (2000). “Question of the violation of human rights and fundamental
freedoms in any part of the world”. UN Economic and Social Council,
Situation of human rights in Myanmar, E/CN.4/2000/38.
- Myanmar [Burma] Foreigners Act (1864). Available from:
http://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b54c4.html.
- Myanmar Citizenship Law (1982). Available from: un-act.org/wp-
content/uploads/2015/10/myanmar-citizenship-law.pdf.
- Organization of Islamic Cooperation (2012). “Stop Rohingya Genocide, Onislam”.
Available from: http://www.onislam.net/english/news/ asia-
pacific/460041-stop-rohingya-genocide-oic.html.
- Prosecutor v. Karadzˇic´ et al. (2008). International Criminal Tribunal for the former
Yugoslavia, IT-95-18-I.
- Prosecutor v. Brdanin (2004). International Criminal Tribunal for the former
Yugoslavia, IT-99-36-T.
- Prosecutor v. Krnojelac (2002). International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia,
IT-97-25-T.
- Prosecutor v. Simić et al (2003). International Criminal Tribunal for the former
Yugoslavia, IT-95-9-T.
- Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (1998). Available from:
legal.un.org/icc/statute/99_corr/cstatute.htm.
- Schabas, William (2009). Genocide In International Law The Crime of Crimes, New York:
Cambridge University Press, second edition.
- Szep, Jason; Marshall, Andrew R.C (2013). “Myanmar Minister Backs Two-child Policy
for Rohingya Minority, Reuters”. Available from:
http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/06/11/us-myanmar- rohingyaidUSBRE95A04B20130611.
- The Guardian (2014, 24 January). “UN Urges Burma to Investigate Rohingya Deaths
after Latest Violence”. Available from: http://
www.theguardian.com/ world/2014/jan/24/un-burmainvestgate-rohingya-deaths- violence.
- UN Doc. A/CONF.157/24 (Part 1) (1993). Available from:https://
www1.umn.edu/humanrts/ instree/l1viedec.html.
- UN Doc. A/RES/47/121 (1992). Available from: www.un.org/ documents/ ga/res/47/a47r121.htm.
- UN Doc. S/PV.3134 (1992). Available from: www.securitycouncilreport.org/ un-documents/
document/spv3134.php.
- Pinheiro, Paulo Sérgio (2007). ‘Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Situation of
Human Rights in Myanmar,’, Human Rights Council, UN Doc.
A/HRC/4/14.
- Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions (1949)
- United Nations Office for the Coordination Of Humanitarian Affaires
(2013). “Humanitarian Bulletin: Myanmar”. Available from: http://
reliefweb.int/sites/ reliefweb.int/files/resources/Myanmar%20Humanitarian%20 Bulletin
%20June%202013.pdf
- Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948). Available from:
- Zarni, Maung; Cowley, Alice (2014). “The Slow-Burning Genocide of
Myanmar's Rohingya”. Pacific Rim Law & Policy Journal, 23/3:682-752. Available
from: http://www.academia.edu/7787141/Compilation_ 2014_Pacific_ Rim_
Law_and_Policy_Journal_Association_THE_SLOW- BURNING_GENOCIDE_
OF_MYANMARS_ROHINGYA.
| ||
|
آمار تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 9,297 تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 6,307 |
||