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جایگاه تعهدات حقوق بین الملل بشر در معاهدات دوجانبه سرمایهگذاری | ||
| پژوهش حقوق عمومی | ||
| مقاله 7، دوره 18، شماره 51، شهریور 1395، صفحه 165-191 اصل مقاله (278.04 K) | ||
| نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22054/qjpl.2016.5427 | ||
| نویسنده | ||
| فراز فیروزی مندمی | ||
| دانشجوی دکتری حقوق بینالملل عمومی دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد تهران مرکز | ||
| چکیده | ||
| معاهدات دوجانبه سرمایهگذاری از اواخر دهه پنجاه و در فقدان یک معاهده جامع بین المللی که انتظامبخش حقوق بینالملل سرمایهگذاری باشد، برای حمایت هرچه بیشتر از سرمایه گذاری خارجی پا به عرصه وجود نهاد. بر اساس این معاهدات، تعهدات فزایندهای جهت تضمین و امنیت سرمایهگذار خارجی بر دول میزبان بار می ش ود ولی دول میزبان، هم زمان متعهد به رعایت و حمایت از حقوق بشر نیز هستند؛ بنابراین آنچه در مقاله پیش روی بسیار محل اعتناست بررسی مناسبات تعهدات نامتجانس در نظام بین المللی است . علیرغم هنجاریافتگی نسبی نظام حقوق بینالملل بشر در تقابل با حقوق ناظر بر سرمایه گذاری خارجی، شاهد آثار نامطلوب و بعضاً نقض این حقوق بنیادین می باشیم. در این راستا و با لحاظ کمبود ادبیات حقوقی در این زمینه رویه برخی محاکم بین المللی در موضوع مارالیبان مورد تدقیق و بررسی قرار گرفته است. | ||
| کلیدواژهها | ||
| عاهدات دوجانبه سرمایه گذاری؛ حقوق بینالملل بشر؛ داوری های سرمایه گذاری؛ تعهدات بنیادین | ||
| مراجع | ||
|
- محبی، محسن،( 1386 )، مباحثی از حقوق نفت و گاز در پرتو رویه داوری بین المللی :
سلب مالکیت و غرامت در قراردادهای نفتی، چاپ اول، تهران: شهر دانش.
ب) انگلیسی
Books
- Benedekand, W & Feyter, K. Marrella, F. (2007), Economic Globalization
and Human Rights, Cambridge University Press.
- Davis, M. C. (2010), The Political Economy and Culture of Human Rights
in East Asia, cited in S. Joseph and A. McBeth (Eds.), Research Handbook on
International Human Rights Law, Edward Elgar.
- Dolzer, R. and Stevens, M, (1995), Bilateral Investment Treaties,
MartinusNijhoff.
- Dupuy, P, M. Francioni, F. and Petersman, E. U.(eds), (2009), Human
Rights in International Investment Law, Oxford University Press.
- Emberland, M, (2006), The Human Rights Companies: Exploring the
Structure of ECHR Protection, Oxford University Press.
- Meyer, W. H. (2006), Human Rights and Interventional Political Economy
in Third World Nations: Multinational Corporation, Foreign Aid and
Repression, Quoted in O.D. Schutter, Transnational Corporations and Human
Rights, HART Publishing.
- Sornarajah, M, (2010), The International Law on Foreign Investment Law,
Cambridge University Press, Third Edition.
- Subedi, S. P. (2008), International Investment Law: Reconciling Policy and
Principle, Hart Publishing.
Articles
- Aaken, A. v.(2003), “Fragmentation of International Law: The case of
International Investment Protection”, Finnish Yearbook of International Law,
Vol. VVII.
- Alvarez, J. (1997), “Critical Theory and the North American Free Trade
Agreement’s Chapter Eleven”, Miami Inter-American Law Review, Vol. 28,
No.2.
- Bachand, R. and Rousseau, S. (2003), “International Investment and
Human Rights: Political and Legal Issues”, International Center for Human
Rights and Democratic Development.
190 فصلنامه پژوهش حقوق عمومی، سال هجدهم، شماره 51 ، تابستان 95
- Carty, A. (1991), “Critical International Law: Recent Trends in the Theory
of International Law”, EJIL, Vol. 2.
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United Kingdom Experience”, ICLQ, Vol. 36.
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Arbitrations: Evidence of International Law's Unity”, Duke Journal of
Comparative and International Law, Vol. 18.
- Howes, R. and Matua, M. (2000), “Protection Human Rights in the Global
Economy: Challenges for the World Trade Organization”, International Center
for Human Rights and Democratic Development.
- Jacob, M. (2010), “International Investment Agreements and Human
Rights”, Institute for Development and Peace.
- Mann, H. (2008), “International Investment Agreements, Business and
Human Rights: Key Issues and Opportunities”, International Institute for
Sustainable Development.
- Nada, V. P. (1988/1989), “Export of Hazardous Waste and Hazardous
Technology: A Challenge for International Environmental Law”, Denver
Journal of International Law and Policy, Vol. 17.
- Neumayer, E. and Spess, L. (2005), “Do Bilateral Investment Treaties
Increase Foreign Direct Investment to Developing Countries?”, World
Development, Vol. 33, No. 10.
- Peterson, E. and Gray, K. R. (2003), “International Human Rights in
Bilateral Investment Treaties and Investment Treaty Arbitration”, International
Institute for Sustainable Development.
- Peterson, L. E and Gray, K. (2003), “International Human Rights in
Bilateral Investment Treaties and Investment Treaty Arbitration”, working paper
for the Swiss Ministry for Foreign Affairs, April.
- Suda, R. (2005), “The Effect of Bilateral Investment Treaties on Human Rights
Enforcement and Realization”, Global Law Working Paper 01/05 Symposium
Transnational Corporations and Human Rights, New York School of Law.
- Tobin, J. And Ackerman, R. (2003), “Foreign Direct Investment and the
Business Environment in Developing Countries: The Impact of Bilateral
Investment Treaties”, William Davidson Institute Working Paper No. 587, June.
- Vandeveld, K. (1998), “Sustainable Liberalism and International
Investment Regime”, Michigan JIL, Vol. 1.
Cases (Arranged by date)
- Phoneix Action Ltd. v. Czech Republic, (2009), ICSID Case No.
ARB/06/5, April 15.
جایگاه تعهدات حقوق بینالملل بشر در معاهدات دوجانبه سرمایهگذاری 191
- Fireman’s Fund Insurance Company v. United Mexican States, (2006),
ICSID Case No. ARB (AF)/02/01, Award of July 17.
- Azurix v. Argentina, (2006), ICSID No. ARB/01/12, Award of July 14.
- Noble Ventures Inc v. Romania, (2005), ICSID Case No. ARB/01/11.
- CMS Gas Transmission Company v. Argentina, (2005), ICSID, No.
ARB/01/8, Award of May.
- MTD Equity sdn and MTD Chile SA v. The Republic of Chile, (2004),
ICSID Case No. ARB/01/7.
- Tecmed, S. A v. United Mexican States, (2003), ICSID Case No. ARB
(AF)/00/2/, Award of May 29.
- Tecnicas MedioambientalesTecmed SA v. The United Mexican States,
(2003), ICSID No ARB (AF) /00/2.
- Mondev International Ltd. v. United States of America, (2002), ICSID Case
No. ARB (AF)/99/2, Award October 11.
- Ronald Lauder v. Czech Republic, (2001), UNCITRAL Final Award of
September 3.
- Southern Pacific Properties (Middle East) Limited v. Egypt, (1992), ICSID
Case No. ARB/84/3, Award of May 20.
Documents
- United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, (2011), World
Investment Report.
- UNCTAD, Selected Recent Development in International Investment
Agreement Arbitration and Human Rights, (2009), IIA Monitor, No. 2.
- UN Economic and Social Council; Human Rights, Trade and Investment,
Report of High Commissioner for Human Rights, (2003), UN Doc. E/CN.4/sub.2.
- United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, (2003), World
Investment Report.
- UNCTAD, World Investment Report, (2001), Non-Equity Modes of
International Production and Development.
- Economic and Social Council, “Globalization and Its Impact on the
Enjoyment of All Human Rights”, (2002), Report of the High Commission to
the Commission of Human Rights.
- UNRISD, Visible Hands: Taking Responsibility for Social Development,
(2000), UN, Geneva.
- United Nations Research Institute for Social Development, (1995), States of
Disarray: The Social Effects of Globalization, UN, Geneva. | ||
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