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وضعیت حقوقی سپر انسانی داوطلبانه در حقوق بشردوستانة بینالمللی | ||
| پژوهش حقوق عمومی | ||
| مقاله 4، دوره 16، شماره 45، اردیبهشت 1394، صفحه 77-103 اصل مقاله (429.01 K) | ||
| نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| همایون حبیبی* ؛ صالحه رمضانی | ||
| دانشگاه علامه طباطبائی | ||
| چکیده | ||
| بهموجب حقوق بشردوستانه استفاده از غیرنظامیان بهعنوان سپر انسانی ممنوع است. در این مجموعه از مقررات اشارهای به انواع سپر انسانی نشده اما در عمل ممکن است سپرهای انسانی با اجبار از سوی یک طرف مخاصمه یا با ارادة خود در برابر هدف نظامی قرار گیرند. ممنوعیت و نظام حقوقی حاکم بر حالت اول که از آن با عنوان سپر انسانی غیر داوطلبانه یاد میشود چندان چالشبرانگیز نیست اما حالت دوم یا سپر انسانی داوطلبانه باعث بروز اختلاف نظرهای بسیاری در میان حقوقدانان شده، بهطوریکه عدهای از حقوقدانان سپر انسانی داوطلبانه را به معنای مشارکت مستقیم غیرنظامیان در مخاصمات دانسته و عدهای دیگر مخالف چنین تفسیری هستند. این مقاله با بررسی دیدگاههای مختلف پیرامون وضعیت حقوقی سپر انسانی داوطلبانه از این نظر پشتیبانی میکند که نمیتوان سپر انسانی داوطلبانه را به معنای مشارکت مستقیم غیرنظامیان در مخاصمه قلمداد نمود، مگر اینکه شرایط تحقق مشارکت مستقیم فراهم شود؛ در آن صورت سپرهای داوطلب به دلیل مشارکت مستقیم در مخاصمه از حمایتهای بشردوستانه از غیرنظامیان محروم میشوند. | ||
| کلیدواژهها | ||
| حقوق بشردوستانه بینالمللی؛ سپر انسانی؛ سپر انسانی داوطلبانه؛ مشارکت مستقیم در مخاصمات؛ اصل تناسب؛ اقدامات احتیاطی | ||
| مراجع | ||
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Documents
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Noncombatants at Risk: Saddam’s Use of Human Shields”, Available at:
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Last Visited: 10/01/2013.
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Miscellaneous
- Harvard University Program on Humanitarian Policy and Conflict Research,
(2007), “IHL and Civilian Participation in the Hostilities in the OPT”, Policy Brief,
Available at: http://www.hpcrresearch.org/sites/default/ files/ publications/
ParticipationBrief.pdf.
- Jim Mills. “Senator Wants ‘Human Shields’ Punished”, FOXNEWS, 5 March
2003, Available at: http://www.foxnews.com/story/ 0,2933, 80205,00. html.
- The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology,
Publisher Oxford University Press. | ||
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