کاربرد هوش مصنوعی در تصمیم‌گیری سیاست خارجی؛ ظرفیت‌ها و چالش‌ها

Acharya, GP, (2019, July 21), “The Impact of AI in International Relations”, https://www.thedailystar.net/opinion/perspective/news/the-impact-ai-international-relations-1774360.

- Ahmad, A. F., et al., (2023), “Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Human Loss in Decision Making, Laziness and Safety in Education”, Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, Vol. 10, No. 1.1-14.

- Allison, G.T, (1971), Essence of Decision: Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis, Boston: Little, Brown and Company.

- Al Kafarneh, A.A, (2013), “Decision-Making in Foreign Policy”, Journal of Law, Policy and Globalization, Vol. 10, No. 1. 56-72.

- Anthony, M. & Bartlett, P.L, (1999), Neural Network Learning: Theoretical Foundations, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

- Berkoff, R, (1997), Artificial Intelligence and Foreign Policy Decision Making [Master's Dissertation, Naval Postgraduate School], https://ia800305.us.archive.org/35/items/artificialintell00berk/artificialintell00berk.pdf.

- Bertossi, L., Geerts, F, (2020), “Data Quality and Explainable AI”, Journal of Data and Information Quality,Vol. 12, No. 2.1-9.

- Buckley, C, (2023), “The Consequences of Relying Too Much on AI”, https://www.buckleyplanet.com/2023/02/the-consequences-of-relying-too-much-onai.

- Chan, S., (2017), “Stanislav Petrov, Soviet officer Who Helped Avert Nuclear War, https:// www. nytimes. com/ 2017/09/18/ world/ europe/stanislav-petrov-nuclear-war-dead.html.

- Chen, L., Wang, Y., Guo, G, (2019), “An Improved Genetic Algorithm for Emergency Decision Making Under Resource Constraints Based on Prospect Theory”, Algorithms, Vol. 12, No. 2.1-11.

- Choi, E. C, (2019), “Will Algorithms Make Safe Decisions in Foreign Affairs”, https://www.diplomacy.edu/blog/will-algorithms-make-safe-decisions-foreign-affairs/.

- Cioffi-Revilla, C, (2013), “Fuzzy Sets and Models of International Relations”, American Journal of Political Science, Vol. 25, No. 1. 129-159.

- Creighton, J, (2019), “How Can AI Systems Understand Human Values”, https://futureoflife.org/ai/how-can-ai-systems-understand-human-values/.

- Cummings, M.L., et al., (2018), Artificial Intelligence and International Affairs Disruption Anticipated, London: Chatham House.

- Davies, A, (2021), “Yandex’s Alice Takes Top Spot in Russia Voice Assistant Market”, https://rethinkresearch.biz/articles/yandexs-alice-takes-top-spot-in-russia-voice-assistant-market/.

- Duan, Y., Edward, J.S., Dwivedi, Y.K, (2019), “Artificial Intelligence for Decision Making in the Era of Big Data – Evolution, Challenges and Research Agenda”, International Journal of Information Management, Vol. 48, 63-71.

- Galeotti, M, (2023), “How AI Could Change Diplomacy Forever”, https://thespectator.com/topic/ai-artificial-intelligence-change-diplomacy-forever/.

- Gilbert, G. & Prion, S, (2016), “Making Sense of Methods and Measurement: Lawshe’s Content Validity Index”, Clinical Simulation in Nursing,Vol 12. 530-531, https:// www. researchgate. net/ profile/ Gregory- Gilbert-2Content-Validity-Index.pdf.

- Goldfarb, A. & Lindsay, J. R, (2022), “Prediction and Judgment: Why Artificial Intelligence Increases the Importance of Humans in War”, International Security, Vol 46, No 3. 7–50.

- Hand, D. & Khan, S, (2020), “Validating and Verifying AI Systems”, Patterns, Vol 1, No 3. 1-4.

- Houser, K, (2021), “IBM’s AI Debater Could Help You Make Better Decisions”, https://www.freethink.com/hard-tech/ai-debater.

- Hudson, V.M. & Vore, C.S, (1995), “Foreign Policy Analysis Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow”, Mershon International Studies Review. Vol. 39, No 2.209-238.

- IBM Research, (2023), “Project Debater”, https://b2n.ir/j62630 .

- Jibril, M.L., et al., (2018), “On the Problems of Knowledge Acquisition and Representation of Expert System for Diagnosis of Coronary Artery Disease”, International Journal of u- and e- Service, Science and Technology, Vol. 11, No. 3.49-58.

- Kane, A. & Wallach, W, (2022), “Artificial Intelligence Is Already Upending Geopolitics”, https:// techcrunch. com/ 2022/04/06/ artificial-intelligence- is-already-upending-geopolitics/.

- Kahneman, D, (2013), Thinking, Fast and Slow, New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.

- Lawshe, C. H, (1975), “A Quantitative Approach to Content Validity”, Personnel Psychology, Vol 28. 563–575. https:// scholar. google. com/ scholar_ lookup?

- Lissovolik, Yaroslav, (2020), “AI in International Relations: The Era of ‘Digital Diplomacy”, https:// valdaiclub. com/ a/ highlights/ ai-in-international-relations/.

- Madhugiri, D, (2023), “Advantages and Disadvantages of Artificial Intelligence (AI)”, https:// www. knowledgehut. com/ blog/ data-science/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-artificial-intelligence.

- McKendrick, J. & Thurai, A, (2022), “AI Isn't Ready to Make Unsupervised Decisions”, https:// hbr. org/ 2022/09/ ai- isnt- ready- to- make-unsupervised-decisions.

- Moore, A, (2023), “How AI Could Revolutionize Diplomacy”, https://foreignpolicy.com/2023/03/21/ai-artificial-intelligence-diplomacy-negotiations-chatgpt-quantum-computing/.

- Moskvitch, K, (2019), “Augmenting Humans: IBM’s Project Debater AI Helps Human Debaters Win”, https://b2n.ir/y37901.

- Nature, (2021), “Am I Arguing With a Machine? AI Debaters Highlight Need for Transparency”, https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-00867-6.

- Olaide, O.B. & Ojo. A.K, (2021), “A Model for Conflicts’ Prediction Using Deep Neural Network”, International Journal of Computer Applications, Vol. 183, No. 29.7-12.

- Petkova, G, (2021), “The Gold Standard – The Key to Information Extraction and Fata Quality Control”, https://www.ontotext.com/blog/gold-standard-key-to-information-extration-data-quality-control/.

- Phillips-Wren, G, (2012), “AI Tools in Decision Making Support Aystem: A Review”, International Journal on Artificial Intelligence Tools, Vol. 21, No. 2.1-13

- Putri, R. A. A. K., et al., (2020), Designing Artificial Intelligence/International Relations (AI/IR) Platform: Foreign Policy Decision-Making Simulation in ASEAN Negotiation, International Conference on ICT for Smart Society (ICISS), Bandung, Indonesia.

- Rabi, S, (2023), “At the Nexus of AI and Diplomacy”, https://www.polemics-magazine.com/featured/at-the-nexus-of-ai-and-diplomacy.

- Rouhiainen, L, (2023), “Unethical Use of Artificial Intelligence”, https://b2n.ir/f12595.

- Russia Today, (2017), “Ageless, Objective & Logical: Russian AI Chatbot’s Presidential Bid Gets 20,000+ Supporters”, https:// www. rt. com/ news/412227-alice-bot-yandex-presidential-bid/.

- Ryan, M, (2020), “In AI We Trust: Ethics, Artificial Intelligence, and Reliability”, Science and Engineering Ethics, Vol. 26, No. 4.1-19.

- Sanjian, G. S, (1988), “Fuzzy Set Theory and U.S. Arms Transfers: Modeling the Decision-Making Process”, American Journal of Political Science. Vol. 32, No. 4.1018–1046.

- Sanjian, G. S, (1991), “Great Power Arms Transfers: Modeling the Decision-Making Processes of Hegemonic, Industrial and Restrictive Exporters”, International Studies Quarterly, Vol. 35.173–193.

- Sanjian, G. S, (1992), “A Fuzzy Set Model of NATO Decision-Making: The Case of Short-Range Nuclear Forces in Europe”, Journal of Peace Research, Vol. 29, No. 3.271–286.

- Sarmah, H, (2019), “World’s First AI-Powered Virtual Politician SAM Joins the Electoral Race in New Zealand”, https:// analyticsindiamag. com/ worlds-first-ai-powered-virtual-politician-sam-joins-the-electoral-race-in-new-zealand/.

- Saxena, P, (2021), “AI Across Borders: AI in Diplomacy, International Relations, and Humanitarian Efforts”, https://indiaai.gov.in/article/ai-across-borders-ai-in-diplomacy-international-relations-and-humanitarian-efforts.

- Scot, B., Heumann, S. & Lorenz, P, (2018), “Artificial Intelligence and Foreign Policy”, https:// papers. ssrn. com/ sol3/ papers. cfm? abstract_ id=3103961.

- Simon, H. A, (1977), The New Science of Management Decision, Hoboken, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.

- Slonim, N., et al., (2021), “An Autonomous Debating System”, Nature. Vol. 591, No. 7850.379-384.

- Stanzel, V. & Voelsen, D, (2022), Diplomacy and Artificial Intelligence: Reflections on Practical Assistance for Diplomatic Negotiations. Berlin: Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik (SWP).

- The Hindu, (2017), “World’s First AI Politician Developed”, https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/worlds-first-ai-politician-developed/article20945483.ece.

- The Moscow Times, (2017), “Artificial Intelligence Robot 'Alisa' Nominated for Russian president”, https://B2n.ir/f71316.

- Ulnicane, I., et al., (2022), “Governance of Artificial Intelligence: Emerging International Trends and Policy Frames.In Maurizio Tinnirello (Eds.)”, The Global Politics of Artificial Intelligence, Boca Raton (Florida): CRC Press, Tylor & Francis Group.

- Vacarelu, M, (2021), Artificial Intelligence: to Strengthen or to Replace Traditional Diplomacy, Berlin: Springer.

- Wordliczek, L, (2023), “Neural Networks and Political Science: Testing the Methodological Frontiers”, Empiria Revista de Metodología de Ciencias Sociales.No 57.37-62.

- Yandex, (2017), “Say “Privet” to Alice, Yandex’s Intelligent Assistant”, https://yandex.com/company/blog/say-privet-to-alice-yandex-s-intelligent-assistant/.

- Yu, L. & Li. Y, (2022), “Artificial Intelligence Decision-Making Transparency and Employees Trust: The Parallel Multiple Mediating Effect of Effectiveness and Discomfort”, Behavioral Sciences, Vol. 12, No. 5.1-17

- Zednik, C, (2021), “Solving the Black Box Problem: A Normative Framework for Explainable Artificial Intelligence”, Philosophy & Technology, Vol. 34, No. 3.1-29.