استناد به استثنای امنیت ملی در نظام معاهدات بین‌المللی

References

Books

• Bigdali Mohammad Reza, Public International Law, 57 (Tehran: Ganj Danesh, 2016). [In Persian]
• Ebrahim, Gol Ali-Reza, International Responsibility of the State, 9th edition (Tehran: Shahr Danesh, 2016). [In Persian]
• Bjorklund Andrea, Emergency Exceptions to International Obligations in the Realm of Foreign Investment: The State of Necessity and Force Majeure as Circumstances Precluding Wrongfulness, In Oxford Handbook of International Investment Law, Peter Muchlinski, Federico Ortino & Christoph Schreuer eds. Forthcoming 2008, (Montreal: McGill University Press, 2008) https:// www. oxfordhandbooks. com/ view/ 10.1093/ oxfordhb/9780199231386.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199231386-e-12.
• Schill Stephen W, German Constitutional Court Rules on Necessity in Argentine Bondholder Case, (Washington: American Soesity of International Law INSIGHTS, July 31, 2007).
• - Schmalenbach O. Dörr, K. (eds.), Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, A Commentary Second Edition (Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, 2018(.
• Report of the International Law Commission, Draft Articles on the Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts, at 43, (U.N: Doc. A/56/10, 2001), [ILC Articles]. available at https:// legal. un. org/ ilc/ documentation/ english/ reports/a _56_10.pdf.

Articles

- Ahmadinejad, Maryam, “Legal Analysis of the Crime of Forced Disappearance of Persons in International Law, As a Violation of Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights”, International Legal Journal, No. 57, (2016). [In Persian]

- August, Reinisch, “Necessity in International Investment Arbitration—An Unnecessary Split of Opinions in Recent ICSID Cases? Comments on CMS v. Argentina and LG&E v. Argentina, 8 J”, World Inv. & TRADE, 191, (2007): >https://www.transnational-dispute-management.com/article.asp?key=952#citation.

- Crawford, James & Olleson, Simon, “The Continuing Debate on a UN Convention on State Responsibility”, INT’L & COMP. L. Q. 959 - 965, 54, (2005).

- Goldberg, Arthur J., “International Law and National Security”, Berkeley Law Library, Hastings Const. L.Q. 197-203,14, (1987).

- Hajizadeh Mahmoud et al., “The Place of the Rule of Law in International Lawˮ, Public Law Research Quarterly, Year 18, Number 45, (2016) <https:// qjpl. atu. ac. ir/ article_ 9969.html>. [In Persian]

- Kelley, Judith, “Who Keeps Commitments and Why? The International Criminal Court and Bilateral No Surrender Agreements”, 101, AM. POL. SCI. REV. 573, 574, (2007).

- Michael J. Hahn, “Vital Interests and the Law of GATT: An Analysis of GATT’s Security Exception”, 12 MICH. J. INT’L L. 558, 582-84, (1990-1991), available at <https ://repository.law.umich.edu/mjil /vol12/iss3/3/>.

- Mitchell Andrew D., “Does One Illegality Merit Another? The Law of Belligerent Reprisals in International Law”, Military Law Review, 170, (2001).

- Mijalković Saša, Blagojević Dušan, “The Basis of National Security in International Law”, Academy of Criminalistic and Police Studies, Belgrade, 49-68, )2014).

- Pakshir, Mohammad Ali, “Evaluation of the Final Judgment of the International Court of Justice Regarding the Iranian Oil Rigs Case”, Theology and Law, 13, (1383). [In Persian]

- Pogoretskyy Vitaliy, “Freedom of Transit and the Principles of Effective Right and Economic Cooperation: Can Systematic Interpretation of GATT Article V Promote Energy Security and the Development of an International Gas Market?”, Journal of International Economic Law, Vol. 16, (2013).

- Roberts, Adam, “Rights and the use of force against Iraqˮ, (translated by Sattar Ahmadi and Mohsen Sharifi), Foreign Policy Journal, 3, (2017), <https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/ organization/63562.pdf>. [In Persian]

- Rose-ackerman Susan and Billa Benjamin, “Treaties and National Security”, Yale Law School Faculty Scholarship Serie, (2008), pp10-25 .

- Shahbazi, Aramesh, “The Validity of the Mudat Treaty (1955) and its Reliability in the Relations between Iran and the United States of America”, International Law Journal, Year 28, Number 44, (2019). [In Persian]

Cases

- CMS Gas Transmission Co. v. Argentina (U.S. v. Arg.), ICSID (W. Bank), Case No. ARB/01/8 (May 12, 2005), 44 I.L.M. 1205, available at http:// www. worldbank. org/ icsid/ cases/ CMS_Award.pdf.

- Enron Corp. v. Argentina (U.S. v. Arg.), ICSID (W. Bank), Case No. ARB/01/3 (May 22, 2007), available at http://ita.law.uvic.ca/documents/Enron-Award.pdf.

 - Fisheries Jurisdiction Case (U.K. v. Ice.), 1973 I.C.J. 3 (Feb. 2) (Jurisdiction of the Court), available at http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/55/ 5749.pdf.

- Military and Paramilitary Activities Case (Nicar. v. U.S), 1986 I.C.J. 14 (June 27): available at <https://www.icj-cij.org/en/case/70/judgments>. For a discussion of this case, see infra Part III.C.

- Gabc´ıkovo-Nagymaros Project Case (Hung.-Slovk.), 1997 I.C.J. 7 (Sept. 25) (rejecting necessity): available at <https://www.icj-cij.org/en/case/92>

- Oil Platforms Case, (Islamic Republic of Iran v. United States of America), 2003 I.C.J. at 99-179. available at: //https://www.icj-cij.org/en/case/90//.

- I.C.J Advisory Opinion (Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons), 95(8 JULY 1996), available at: //https://www.icj-cij.org/en/case/95//

- Naulilaa Case, 8 Trib. Arb. Mixtes 409 (Port. -Ger. 1928), reprinted in 2 R. INT’L ARB. AWARDS 1011 (1949).

- LG&E Energy Corp. v. Argentina (U.S. v. Arg.), ICSID (W. Bank), Case No. ARB/02/1 (Oct. 3, 2006), 46 I.L.M. 36, available at http:// www.worldbank.org/icsid/cases/pdf/09_LGE_Liability_e.pdf.

Document and Thesis

- Bari, Hamid, Guarantees of the Universal Principles of National Security Law in the Legal System of the Islamic Republic of Iran, for Obtaining a Doctorate Degree, Faculty of Law of Allameh Tabataba’i University, (2015). [In Persian]

- Convention on the Rights of the Child //https://www.ohchr.org/en/professionalinterest/ pages/crc.aspx.

- International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families //<https:// www. ohchr. org/ EN/ ProfessionalInterest/ Pages/ CMW.aspx>.

- Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty art(CTBT) //<https:// www. ctbto. org/ fileadmin/user_upload/legal/CTBT_English_withCover.pdf>,<https://www.un.org/disarmament/wmd/nuclear/ctbt/>.

- Convention and Statute on Freedom of Transit //art https:// www. jus. uio. no/ english/ services/library/treaties/09/9-04/freedom-transit-statut.xml.

- Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment art. 2(2), Dec. 10, 1984, 1465 U.N.T.S. 85.

 - Committee against Torture, “CAT General Comment No. 2: Implementation of Article 2 by States Parties”, 23 November 2007. <http:// www2. ohchr. org/ english/ bodies/ cat/ docs/ CAT.C.GC.2.CRP.1.Rev.4_en.pdf>.

- European Convention on Human Rights‎ //www.hri.org/docs/ECHR50.html

- Guterres António, The 1951 Convention relating to the Status of Refugee s And ITS 1967 PROTOCOL, United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees ,UNHCR / DIP•1951 Conv. / Q&A A.8 / ENG1 <https://www.unhcr.org/1951-refugee-convention.html>

- General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) GATT)// https:// www. wto. org/ english/ docs_e/legal_e/legal_e.htm.

- General Assembly, U.N. Doc, Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 December 2004 //https://undocs.org/en/A/RES/59/35.

- General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) GATT)// https:// www. wto. org/ english/ docs_e/legal_e/legal_e.htm.

- General Assembly, U.N. Doc, Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 December 2004 //https://undocs.org/en/A/RES/59/35.

- International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights //http://www.unic-ir.org/hr/convenant-cp.htm.         

- International Convention for the Protection of all Persons from Enforced Disappearance, art. 1(2), U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/2005/WG.22/WP.1/REV.4 (Sept. 23, 2005) available at: <https://www.ohchr.org/en/hrbodies/ced/pages/conventionced.aspx<.

- International Convention for the Suppression of Acts of Nuclear Terrorism art. 7, G.A. Res. 59/290, U.N. Doc. A/RES/59/290 (Apr. 13, 2005): https:// treaties. un. org/ pages/ View DetailsIII. aspx? src= TREATY & mtdsg_ no= XVIII-15& chapter= 18& Temp= mtdsg3&lang=en.

- Jalili, Seyed Reza, International Law and National Security; National Security Exceptionalism in Compliance with International Law, Master's Thesis, Faculty of Law and Political Science, University of Tehran, (2019). [In Persian]

- North American Free Trade Agreement, U.S.-Can.-Mex., art. 2102, Dec. 17, 1992, 32 I.L.M 289 (1993): available at https://www.jstor.org/stable/20693792?seq=1.

- Protection of Investment Treaty// http:// www. unctad. org/ sections/ dite/ iia/ docs/ bits/ argentina_us.pdf.

- Report of the International Law Commission, Draft Articles on the Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts, at 43, (U.N. Doc. A/56/10, 2001), [ILC Articles]. available at https://legal.un.org/ilc/documentation/english/reports/a_56_10.pdf.

- Treaty of Loyalty, Economic and Consular Relations between the Islamic Republic of Iran and the United States of America 1335: https://rc.majlis.ir/fa/law/show/94974. [In Persian]

- United Nations Convention against Corruptionhttps:// www. unodc. org/ unodc/ en/ treaties/CA.

- Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, May 3, 1969, 1155 U.N.T.S. 331; Int’l Law Comm’n, Report of the International Law Commission, at 43, U.N. Doc. A/56/10 (2001).

WEBSITE and Others

- David Leigh & Rob Evans, “National Interest” Halts Arms Corruption Inquiry, GUARDIAN, Dec. 15, 2006, at 1.

-  Fidler Stephen, Blair Bows to Pressure on Jobs, Financial. TIMES, Dec. 15, 2006, (nov. 1 2019): https://www.ft.com.

- Press Release, Serious Fraud Office, Serious Fraud Office Statement (Dec. 14, 2006), available at http://www.sfo.gov.uk/news/prout/pr_497.asp? seltxt= [hereinafter SFO].

- The Attorney General Lord Peter Goldsmith’s presentation to the House of Lords on Dec. 14, 2006 is in 687 PARL. DEB., H.L. (5th Ser.) (2006) 1711-17 (presentation by Att’y Gen. Lord Peter Goldsmith on the SFO).