The role of neurotransmitters (serotonin and dopamine) in central nervous system fatigue during prolonged exercise

Angulo, J., El Assar, M., Álvarez-Bustos, A., & Rodríguez-Mañas, L. (2020). Physical activity and exercise: Strategies to manage frailty. Redox biology, 35, 101513. 

Bailey, S. (1993). Davis JM, Ahlborn EN. Neuroendocrine and substrate responses to altered brain, 3006-3012. 

Bailey, S. P., Davis, J. M., & Ahlborn, E. N. (1993). Neuroendocrine and substrate responses to altered brain 5-HT activity during prolonged exercise to fatigue. Journal of applied physiology, 74(6), 3006-3012. 

Balthazar, C. H., Leite, L. H., Ribeiro, R. M., Soares, D. D., & Coimbra, C. C. (2010). Effects of blockade of central dopamine D1 and D2 receptors on thermoregulation, metabolic rate and running performance. Pharmacological reports, 62(1), 54-61. 

Balthazar, C. H., Leite, L. H., Rodrigues, A. G., & Coimbra, C. C. (2009). Performance-enhancing and thermoregulatory effects of intracerebroventricular dopamine in running rats. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 93(4), 465-469. 

Barchas, J. D., & Freedman, D. X. (1963). Brain amines: response to physiological stress. Biochemical pharmacology, 12(10), 1232-1235.  Berger, M. John a Gray, and Bryan L Roth. 2009.“The Expanded Biology of Serotonin.”. Annual Review of Medicine, 60, 355-366. 

Boolani, A., & Manierre, M. (2019). An exploratory multivariate study examining correlates of trait mental and physical fatigue and energy.

Fatigue: Biomedicine, Health & Behavior, 7(1), 29-40. 

Calders, P., Pannier, J.-L., Matthys, D. M., & Lacroix, E. M. (1997). Preexercise branched-chain amino acid administration increases endurance performance in rats. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 29(9), 1182-1186. 

Chaouloff, F., Elghozi, J., Guezennec, Y., & Laude, D. (1985). Effects of conditioned running on plasma, liver and brain tryptophan and on brain 5-hydroxytryptamine metabolism of the rat. British journal of pharmacology, 86(1), 33. 

Chaouloff, F., Kennett, G. A., Serrurrier, B., Merino, D., & Curzon, G. (1986). Amino acid analysis demonstrates that increased plasma free tryptophan causes the increase of brain tryptophan during exercise in the rat. Journal of neurochemistry, 46(5), 1647-1650. 

Cheuvront, S. (2004). Carter R, Kolka MA, Lieberman HR, Kellogg MD, Sawka MN. Branched-chain amino acid supplementation and human performance when hypohydrated in the heat. J Appl Physiol, 97, 1275-1282. 

Coimbra, C. C., Soares, D. D., & Leite, L. H. (2012). The involvement of brain monoamines in the onset of hyperthermic central fatigue: INTECH Open Access Publisher.

Constantin-Teodosiu, D., & Constantin, D. (2021). Molecular mechanisms of muscle fatigue. International journal of molecular sciences, 22(21), 11587. 

Cordeiro, L., Guimaraes, J., Wanner, S., La Guardia, R., Miranda, R., Marubayashi, U., & Soares, D. (2014). Inhibition of tryptophan hydroxylase abolishes fatigue induced by central tryptophan in exercising rats. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 24(1), 80-88. 

Coudevylle, G. R., Sinnapah, S., Collado, A., Fenouillet, F., Hue, O., Parrat, M., & Robin, N. (2021). If motivation was a key factor in aerobic performance in tropical climate? Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 619198. 

Devrim-Lanpir, A., Hill, L., & Knechtle, B. (2021). Efficacy of popular diets applied by endurance athletes on sports performance: beneficial or detrimental? A narrative review. Nutrients, 13(2), 491. 

Egan, B., & Sharples, A. P. (2022). Molecular Responses to Acute Exercise and Their Relevance for Adaptations in Skeletal Muscle to Exercise Training. Physiological Reviews. 

Falavigna, G., Junior, J. A. d. A., Rogero, M. M., Pires, I. S. d. O., Pedrosa, R. G., Junior, E. M., . . . Tirapegui, J. (2012). Effects of diets supplemented with branched-chain amino acids on the performance and fatigue mechanisms of rats submitted to prolonged physical exercise. Nutrients, 4(11), 1767-1780. 

Foley, T. E., & Fleshner, M. (2008). Neuroplasticity of dopamine circuits after exercise: implications for central fatigue. Neuromolecular medicine, 10(2), 67-80. 

Gerald, M. (1978). Effects of (+)-amphetamine on the treadmill endurance performance of rats. Neuropharmacology, 17(9), 703-704. 

Gorton, L. M., Vuckovic, M. G., Vertelkina, N., Petzinger, G. M., Jakowec, M. W., & Wood, R. I. (2010). Exercise effects on motor and affective behavior and catecholamine neurochemistry in the MPTP-lesioned mouse. Behavioural brain research, 213(2), 253262. 

Hasegawa, H. (2007). Piacentini MF, Sarre S, Michotte Y, Ishiwata T, Meeusen R. Influence of brain catecholamines on the development of fatigue in exercising rats in the heat. J Physiol, 586, 141-149. 

Heyes, M., Garnett, E., & Coates, G. (1985). Central dopaminergic activity influences rats ability to exercise. Life sciences, 36(7), 671677. 

HR Leite, L., P Santiago, H., SV de Almeida, R., & C Coimbra, C. (2013). Implications of angiotensin II in central nervous system on exercise performance. Current Protein and Peptide Science, 14(8), 711-720. 

Kim, D.-H., Kim, S.-H., Jeong, W.-S., & Lee, H.-Y. (2013). Effect of BCAA intake during endurance exercises on fatigue substances, muscle damage substances, and energy metabolism substances. Journal of exercise nutrition & biochemistry, 17(4), 169. 

Klass, M., Duchateau, J., Rabec, S., Meeusen, R., & Roelands, B. (2016). Noradrenaline Reuptake Inhibition Impairs Cortical Output and Limits Endurance Time. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 48(6), 1014-1023. 

Knechtle, B., Mrazek, C., Wirth, A., Knechtle, P., Rüst, C. A., Senn, O., . . . Ballmer, P. (2012). Branched-chain amino acid supplementation during a 100-km ultra-marathon—a randomized controlled trial. Journal of nutritional science and vitaminology, 58(1), 36-44. 

Meeusen, R. (2006). Watson P, Hasegawa H, Roelands B, Piacentini MF. Central fatigue: the serotonin hypothesis and beyond. Sports Med, 36, 881-909. 

Meeusen, R., & Roelands, B. (2018). Fatigue: is it all neurochemistry? European Journal of Sport Science, 18(1), 37-46. 

Mittleman, K. D., Ricci, M. R., & Bailey, S. P. (1998). Branched-chain amino acids prolong exercise during heat stress in men and women. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 30(1), 83-91. 

Newsholme, E. (1987). Amino acids, brain neurotransmitters and a functional link between muscle and brain that is important in sustained exercise. Advances in myochemistry. 

Noakes, T. D. (2012). Fatigue is a brain-derived emotion that regulates the exercise behavior to ensure the protection of whole body homeostasis. Frontiers in physiology, 3, 82. 

Parati, G., & Esler, M. (2012). The human sympathetic nervous system: its relevance in hypertension and heart failure. European heart journal, 33(9), 1058-1066. 

Petzinger, G. M., Walsh, J. P., Akopian, G., Hogg, E., Abernathy, A., Arevalo, P., . . . Togasaki, D. M. (2007). Effects of treadmill exercise on dopaminergic transmission in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6tetrahydropyridine-lesioned mouse model of basal ganglia injury. Journal of Neuroscience, 27(20), 5291-5300. 

Rodrigues, A. G., Soares, D. D., Marubayashi, U., & Coimbra, C. C. (2009). Heat loss during exercise is related to serotonin activity in the preoptic area. Neuroreport, 20(8), 804-808. 

Roelands, B., Goekint, M., Heyman, E., Piacentini, M. F., Watson, P., Hasegawa, H., . . . Meeusen, R. (2008). Acute norepinephrine reuptake inhibition decreases performance in normal and high ambient temperature. Journal of applied physiology, 105(1), 206-212.  Roelands, B., Hasegawa, H., Watson, P., Piacentini, M. F., Buyse, L., De Schutter, G., & Meeusen, R. R. (2008). The effects of acute dopamine reuptake inhibition on performance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 40(5), 879. 

Segura, R., & Ventura, J. (1988). Effect of L-tryptophan supplementation on exercise performance. International journal of sports medicine, 9(05), 301-305. 

Shield, A., & Zhou, S. (2004). Assessing voluntary muscle activation with the twitch interpolation technique. Sports medicine, 34(4), 253-267. 

Soares, D., Lima, N., Coimbra, C., & Marubayashi, U. (2003). Evidence that tryptophan reduces mechanical efficiency and running performance in rats. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 74(2), 357-362. 

Soares, D., Lima, N., Coimbra, C., & Marubayashi, U. (2004). Intracerebroventricular tryptophan increases heating and heat storage rate in exercising rats. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 78(2), 255-261. 

Soares, D. D., Coimbra, C. C., & Marubayashi, U. (2007). Tryptophaninduced central fatigue in exercising rats is related to serotonin content in preoptic area. Neuroscience letters, 415(3), 274-278. 

Struder, H. (1998). Hollmann W, Platen P, Donike M, Gotzmann A, Weber K. Influence of paroxetine, branched-chain amino acids and tyrosine on neuroendocrine system responses and fatigue in humans.

Horm Metab Res, 30, 188-194. 

Strüder, H., & Weicker, H. (2001). Physiology and pathophysiology of the serotonergic system and its implications on mental and physical performance. Part I. International journal of sports medicine, 22(07), 467-481. 

Sumajouw, J., Sompie, B. F., & Timboeleng, J. A. (2013). Analisis Dampak Lalu Lintas (Andalalin) Kawasan Kampus Universitas Sam Ratulangi. Jurnal ilmiah Media engineering, 3(2). 

Sutoo, D. e., & Akiyama, K. (2003). Regulation of brain function by exercise. Neurobiology of disease, 13(1), 1-14. 

Taylor, J. L., Todd, G., & Gandevia, S. C. (2006). Evidence for a supraspinal contribution to human muscle fatigue. Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology, 33(4), 400-405. 

Teixeira-Coelho, F., Uendeles-Pinto, J. P., Serafim, A. C. A., Wanner, S. P., de Matos Coelho, M., & Soares, D. D. (2014). The paroxetine effect on exercise performance depends on the aerobic capacity of exercising individuals. Journal of sports science & medicine, 13(2), 232. 

Thorstensen, J. R., Taylor, J. L., Tucker, M. G., & Kavanagh, J. J. (2020). Enhanced serotonin availability amplifies fatigue perception and modulates the TMS‐induced silent period during sustained lowintensity elbow flexions. The Journal of physiology, 598(13), 26852701. 

Tornero-Aguilera, J. F., Jimenez-Morcillo, J., Rubio-Zarapuz, A., & Clemente-Suárez, V. J. (2022). Central and peripheral fatigue in physical exercise explained: A narrative review. International journal of environmental research and public health, 19(7), 3909. 

Van Hall, G. (1995). Raaymakers JS, Saris WH, Wagenmakers AJ. Ingestion of branched-chain amino acids and tryptophan during sustained exercise in man: failure to affect performance. J Physiol, 486, 789-794. 

Varnier, M., Sarto, P., Martines, D., Lora, L., Carmignoto, F., Leese, G. P., & Naccarato, R. (1994). Effect of infusing branched-chain amino acid during incremental exercise with reduced muscle glycogen content. European journal of applied physiology and occupational physiology, 69(1), 26-31. 

Wanner, S. P., Leite, L. H. R., Guimarães, J. B., & Coimbra, C. C. (2015).

Increased brain l‐arginine availability facilitates cutaneous heat loss induced by running exercise. Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology, 42(6), 609-616. 

Watson, P., Hasegawa, H., Roelands, B., Piacentini, M. F., Looverie, R.,

& Meeusen, R. (2005). Acute dopamine/noradrenaline reuptake inhibition enhances human exercise performance in warm, but not temperate conditions. The Journal of physiology, 565(3), 873-883. 

Watson, P., Shirreffs, S. M., & Maughan, R. J. (2004). The effect of acute branched-chain amino acid supplementation on prolonged exercise capacity in a warm environment. European journal of applied physiology, 93(3), 306-314. 

Zheng, X., & Hasegawa, H. (2016). Administration of caffeine inhibited adenosine receptor agonist-induced decreases in motor performance, thermoregulation, and brain neurotransmitter release in exercising rats. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 140, 82-89.